Civil and criminal cases filed in the United States against UCC and Warren Anderson, UCC CEO at the time of the Bhopal disaster, were dismissed and redirected to Indian courts on multiple occasions between 1986 and 2012, as the US courts focused on UCIL being a standalone entity of India.
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In June 2010, seven Indian nationals who were UCIL employees in 1984, including the former UCIL chairman, were convicted in Bhopal disaster of causing death by negligence and sentenced to two years imprisonment and a fine of about $2,000 each, the maximum punishment allowed by Indian law.
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The chemical process employed in the Bhopal disaster plant had methylamine reacting with phosgene to form MIC, which was then reacted with 1-naphthol to form the final product, carbaryl.
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In 1991, the local Bhopal disaster authorities charged Anderson, who had retired in 1986, with manslaughter, a crime that carries a maximum penalty of 10 years in prison.
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Bhopal disaster now has high rates of birth defects and records a miscarriage rate 7x higher than the national average.
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In 1985, Henry Waxman, a California Democrat, called for a U S government inquiry into the Bhopal disaster, which resulted in U S legislation regarding the accidental release of toxic chemicals in the United States.
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The "corporate negligence" point of view argues that the Bhopal disaster was caused by a potent combination of under-maintained and decaying facilities, a weak attitude towards safety, and an under-trained workforce, culminating in worker actions that inadvertently enabled water to penetrate the MIC tanks in the absence of properly working safeguards.
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Seventy percent of the plant's employees were fined before the Bhopal disaster for refusing to deviate from the proper safety regulations under pressure from the management.
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In 2002, an inquiry by Fact-Finding Mission on Bhopal disaster found a number of toxins, including mercury, lead, 1,3,5 trichlorobenzene, dichloromethane and chloroform, in nursing women's breast milk.
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Journalists, filmmakers and authors who were investigating Bhopal disaster and covering the issue of ongoing contamination, such as Jack Laurenson and Max Carlson, were placed under surveillance.
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