64 Facts About Fumimaro Konoe

Prince Fumimaro Konoe was a Japanese politician who served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1937 to 1939 and from 1940 to 1941.

Fumimaro Konoe presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and breakdown in relations with the United States, which shortly after his tenure culminated in Japan's entry into World War II.

Fumimaro Konoe was a member of the Japanese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference following World War I, and served as president of the House of Peers from 1933 to 1937.

One year later, Fumimaro Konoe resigned as the Japanese military proved unable to achieve a decisive victory in China.

Politically isolated, Fumimaro Konoe resigned as premier in October 1941 and was replaced by Hideki Tojo.

Fumimaro Konoe remained a close advisor to Emperor Hirohito until the end of World War II and played a key role in the fall of the Tojo Cabinet in 1944.

Fumimaro Konoe, was born in Tokyo on 12 October 1891 to the prominent Konoe family, one of the main branches of the ancient Fujiwara clan.

Japanese historian Eri Hotta described the Konoe as "First among the go-sekke"; Fumimaro would be its 29th leader.

Fumimaro Konoe's mother died shortly after his birth; his father then married her younger sister.

Fumimaro Konoe was misled into thinking she was his real mother, and found out the truth when he was 12 years old after his father's death.

Fumimaro Konoe was inspired by Inazo Nitobe, the dean of the First Higher School.

Fumimaro Konoe subsequently transferred to the law department of Kyoto Imperial University.

In December 1918, Fumimaro Konoe published an essay entitled "Reject the Anglo-American-Centered Pacifism".

Fumimaro Konoe attacked the League of Nations as an effort to institutionalize the status quo: colonial hegemony by the western powers.

Saionji considered Fumimaro Konoe's writing reckless, but, after it became internationally read, Fumimaro Konoe was invited to dinner by Sun Yat-sen.

Fumimaro Konoe regarded the rejection of the Racial Equality Clause as a significant setback and a reflection of discriminatory attitudes toward Japan.

Fumimaro Konoe described China as a rival to Japan in international relations.

In 1916, while at university, Fumimaro Konoe took his father's seat in the House of Peers, upper house of the Imperial Diet.

Fumimaro Konoe believed the House of Peers should stay neutral in factional party politics, lest a partisan-seeming peerage have their privileges restricted.

Fumimaro Konoe therefore supported Takashi's seiyukai government, as did most of the kenkyukai.

Fumimaro Konoe believed universal male suffrage was the best way to channel popular discontent and thereby reduce the chance of violent revolution.

Fumimaro Konoe saw the peerage as a bulwark of stability committed to tranquillity, harmony, and the maintenance of the status quo.

Fumimaro Konoe assumed the vice presidency of the House of Peers in 1931.

Fumimaro Konoe ascended to the presidency of the House of Peers in 1933 and spent the next few years mediating between elite political factions, elite policy consensus, and national unity.

Meanwhile, Fumimaro Konoe sent his eldest son Fumitaka to study in the US, at Princeton, wishing to prepare him for politics and make him an able proponent of Japan in America.

Unlike most of his elite contemporaries, Fumimaro Konoe had not been educated abroad due to his father's poor finances.

Fumimaro Konoe visited Fumitaka in 1934 and he was shocked by rising anti-Japanese sentiment.

Fumimaro Konoe's views were thus a recapitulation of those he had expressed at Versailles almost 20 years earlier.

Fumimaro Konoe still believed that Japan was the equal and the rival of the western powers, that Japan had a right to expansion in China, that such expansion was survival, and that the "Anglo-American powers were hypocrites seeking to enforce their economic dominance of the world".

Fumimaro Konoe retained the military and legal ministers from the previous cabinet upon assumption of the premiership, and refused to take ministers from the political parties, as he was not interested in resurrecting party government.

In November 1937, Fumimaro Konoe instituted a new system of joint conference between the civil government and the military called liaison conferences.

Fumimaro Konoe opposed immediate peace negotiations, and instead chose to escalate the war by suggesting deliberately humiliating terms that he knew Chiang Kai-shek would never accept in order to win a "total victory" over China.

In January 1938, Fumimaro Konoe issued a statement declaring that Kuomintang aggression had not ceased despite its defeat, that it was "subjecting its people to great misery", and that Japan would no longer deal with Chiang.

When later asked for clarifications, Fumimaro Konoe said he meant more than just non-recognition of Chiang's regime but "rejected it" and would "eradicate it".

Fumimaro Konoe believed that a new economic system geared toward exploitation of northern China's resources was the only way to stop this economic deterioration.

Fumimaro Konoe resigned in January 1939, leaving the war that he had a large part in making to be finished by someone else, and was appointed chairman of the Privy Council.

Fumimaro Konoe was awarded the 1st class of the Order of the Rising Sun in 1939.

On 23 June, Fumimaro Konoe resigned his position as Chairman of the Privy Council, and on 16 July 1940, the Yonai Cabinet resigned and Fumimaro Konoe was appointed prime minister again.

Fumimaro Konoe's government pressured political parties to dissolve into the IRAA, though he resisted calls to form a political party akin to the Nazi party, believing it would revive the political strife of the 1920s.

Fumimaro Konoe recommenced negotiations with the Dutch in January 1941 in an attempt to secure an alternate source of oil.

Fumimaro Konoe did not specifically mention Matsuoka, but it was implied that he would have to be removed, as the foreign minister was now advocating an immediate attack on the Soviet Union, and did so directly to the emperor.

Fumimaro Konoe was forced to apologize to the emperor and assure him that Japan was not about to go to war with the Soviet Union.

Fumimaro Konoe attacked Hull's statement, which had been aimed largely at him, and the next day he sent the response to Germany for approval.

The Third Fumimaro Konoe Cabinet was formally created on 18 July 1941, with admiral Teijiro Toyoda as foreign minister.

Fumimaro Konoe expressed how disturbed he was that Japan could not see that Hitler was bent on world domination.

Fumimaro Konoe did not take aggressive action in implementing Roosevelt's offer, and could not restrain militarists, led by Hideki Tojo.

Fumimaro Konoe responded that the ships were already dispatched and could not turn back in time, and that all he could do was pray for "divine intervention".

Hotsumi Ozaki, who was a friend and advisor to Fumimaro Konoe, was a member of this same breakfast club; he was a member of Richard Sorge's Soviet spy ring.

Fumimaro Konoe asked Konoe to change the emphasis from war to negotiation; Konoe replied that would be politically impossible, and the emperor then asked why he had been kept in the dark about these military preparations.

That same evening, Fumimaro Konoe arranged a dinner in secrecy with US ambassador to Japan Joseph Grew.

The day after the imperial conference, Fumimaro Konoe arranged a meeting between Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni and army minister Tojo, which was an attempt to bring the war hawk in line with Fumimaro Konoe.

Higashikuni told Tojo that since the Emperor and Fumimaro Konoe favoured negotiation over war, the army minister should too, and that he should quit if he could not follow a policy of non-confrontation.

Fumimaro Konoe began by saying that he had no confidence in the war they were about to wage and would not lead it, but neither Oikawa or Fumimaro Konoe was willing to take the lead in demanding that the army agree to taking the war option off the table.

Fumimaro Konoe resigned on 16 October 1941, one day after having recommended Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni to the Emperor as his successor.

On 29 November 1941, at a luncheon with the Emperor with all living former prime ministers in attendance, Fumimaro Konoe voiced his objection to war.

Fumimaro Konoe played a role in the fall of the Tojo Cabinet in 1944 following the defeat in the Battle of Saipan.

On 14 February 1945, Fumimaro Konoe wrote a report to Hirohito titled "The Fumimaro Konoe Memorial" which called for Hirohito to surrender to the Allies to prevent a "communist revolution" in Japan.

Fumimaro Konoe came under suspicion of war crimes after he refused to collaborate with US Army officer Bonner Fellers in "Operation Blacklist", which aimed to exonerate Emperor Hirohito and the imperial family of criminal responsibility for the war.

Fumimaro Konoe preferred death to the humiliation of a war crimes trial.

Fumimaro Konoe recorded his feelings about these issues in pencil at the urging of his son.

Fumimaro Konoe gazed back and Michitaka had never seen such a strange and distasteful expression on his father's face.

Just before dawn, Michitaka was awakened by his mother's excited voice, when he entered his father's room Fumimaro Konoe was stretched out, looking calm and serene, as if asleep.

Fumimaro Konoe had died by suicide by taking potassium cyanide.

Fumimaro Konoe's grave is at the Konoe clan cemetery at the temple of Daitoku-ji in Kyoto.