50 Facts About Gustave Rouland

Gustave Rouland was a French lawyer and politician.

Gustave Rouland was later President of the Conseil d'Etat and then governor of the Banque de France from 1864 to 1878, with one short interruption.

Gustave Rouland was born in Yvetot, Seine-Inferieure, France, on 3 December 1806.

Gustave Rouland was the grandson of a farmer and son of an attorney.

Gustave Rouland attended Rouen College, where he was an exceptional student, and then studied law at the Faculty of Law of Paris.

Gustave Rouland was admitted to the bar in 1827, and entered the judiciary as a magistrate in the court of Les Andelys.

Gustave Rouland became in turn deputy prosecutor in Louviers and Evreux and prosecutor in Dieppe.

In 1835, in an article in the Revue de Rouen, Gustave Rouland criticized the complacency and irrelevance of academies such as that of Rouen that ignored the new advances in science, industry and literature.

Gustave Rouland became attorney general in Douai.

Gustave Rouland was elected on 1 August 1846 as deputy for Dieppe in the Seine-Inferieure department.

Gustave Rouland sat with the majority, spoke on legislative issues, and on 23 May 1847 was appointed Advocate General at the Court of cassation.

Gustave Rouland had to run for reelection before he could take this office, and was returned without difficulty.

Gustave Rouland resigned his position as magistrate in the February Revolution of 1848.

Gustave Rouland was reinstated on 10 July 1849 and was appointed Attorney General at the Court of Appeals of Paris on 10 February 1853.

Gustave Rouland was a Corsican, hostile both to priests and to supporters of the former monarchy.

Gustave Rouland was a sincere Catholic, but was Gallican in his leanings.

Gustave Rouland made it his goal to strengthen the role of the state in religious affairs.

Gustave Rouland was Minister from 13 August 1856 to 24 June 1863.

Gustave Rouland was made a senator on 14 November 1857.

At first Gustave Rouland followed a moderate policy to avoid upsetting the Empress Eugenie and Walewski.

From 1860 the struggle for Italian unification caused the clergy to become increasingly open in their opposition to imperial policy, and Gustave Rouland took more positive steps.

Gustave Rouland blocked donations and bequests to schools if they specified that the school must remain religious.

Gustave Rouland reduced the number of permits for new women's establishments, and refused to accept any unauthorized new male orders, such as the Jesuits or Capuchins.

Gustave Rouland tried to appoint more Gallican bishops, and increasingly came into conflict with the Pope, who refused to institute them.

Gustave Rouland continued negotiations over recognition by the Pope of state-run theological faculties, but no agreement could be reached over the division of rights between the church and the state.

Gustave Rouland pushed for open civil law trials of clergy, where before justice had been managed through discreet agreements with bishops.

Gustave Rouland enforced the ban on private institutions taking the title of college.

Gustave Rouland regulated municipal schools run by brothers, gave teachers more protection against priests and limited transfers of schools from lay to religious teachers.

Gustave Rouland enacted stricter control on private schools, and obtained more funds for public education.

Gustave Rouland appointed lay women inspectors to investigate the quality of education for girls in schools around the country.

Gustave Rouland was able to persuade municipal councils to take back some of the secondary schools they had handed over to the church.

In 1858 Gustave Rouland separated the agregations of mathematics and of physical and natural sciences, formerly a single subject.

However, although Gustave Rouland understood the importance of a modern education, he yielded to pressure from the university to reverse some of the reforms of his predecessor, returning to a more conventional curriculum in which study of the classics dominated.

In 1862 Gustave Rouland completed a review of the requirements for schools that would meet the needs of industrial and agricultural development.

Gustave Rouland did not have time to implement these new vocational schools in the last year of his term in office.

Gustave Rouland encouraged the study of local history, philology and archaeology at the Comite des travaux historiques and created a scientific section.

Gustave Rouland was reassigned after the cabinet shuffle following the 1863 elections.

Gustave Rouland was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour on 14 August 1863.

Gustave Rouland was Minister and President of the Council of State from 18 October 1863 to 27 September 1864.

Gustave Rouland was vice-president of the senate for part of 1864.

On 28 September 1864 Gustave Rouland was appointed Governor of the Bank of France in succession to Adolphe Vuitry.

Gustave Rouland held this post until 12 December 1878, with one short interruption.

Gustave Rouland did not have a background in finance, so relied on the expertise of other members of the bank's board.

Gustave Rouland argued against monetary union, asserting that most international transactions were through bills of exchange or remittance of bullion, and that costs would be unavoidable in such transactions even with unification.

Gustave Rouland opposed issuance of a new 25-franc gold coin, which he saw as a covert method of moving towards unification.

On 5 June 1871 Gustave Rouland was appointed Attorney General to the Court of Auditors.

Gustave Rouland was reinstated as Governor of the Bank of France on 30 December 1871, holding this position until 12 December 1878.

Gustave Rouland was General Counsel to the canton of Yvetot, secretary and president of the departmental assembly.

On 30 January 1876 Gustave Rouland was elected Senator of the Seine-Inferieure.

Gustave Rouland died in office on 12 December 1878, at the premises of the Bank of France, from an "attack of gout rising to the heart".