201 Facts About Marcus Garvey

1.

Marcus Garvey was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa.

2.

Marcus Garvey was born into a moderately prosperous Afro-Jamaican family in Saint Ann's Bay and he was apprenticed into the print trade as a teenager.

3.

Marcus Garvey envisioned a unified Africa as a one-party state, governed by himself, that would enact laws to ensure black racial purity.

4.

In 1923 Marcus Garvey was convicted of mail fraud for selling the company's stock, and he was imprisoned in the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta for nearly two years.

5.

Marcus Garvey died there in 1940, and in 1964, his body was returned to Jamaica for reburial in Kingston's National Heroes Park.

6.

Marcus Garvey's ideas exerted a considerable influence on such movements as Rastafari, the Nation of Islam, and the Black Power Movement.

7.

Marcus Mosiah Garvey was born on 17 August 1887 in Saint Ann's Bay, a town in the British colony of Jamaica.

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8.

Marcus Garvey's paternal great- grandfather had been born into slavery prior to its abolition in Jamaica.

9.

Marcus Garvey's father, Malchus Garvey, was a stonemason; his mother, Sarah Richards, was a domestic servant and the daughter of peasant farmers.

10.

Sarah bore him four additional children, of whom Marcus Garvey was the youngest, although two died in infancy.

11.

Up to the age of 14, Marcus Garvey attended a local church school; further education was unaffordable for the family.

12.

Marcus Garvey had friends, with whom he once broke the windows of a church, resulting in his arrest.

13.

In 1904, the printer opened another branch at Port Maria, where Marcus Garvey began to work, traveling from Saint Ann's Bay each morning.

14.

Marcus Garvey rose quickly through the company ranks, becoming their first Afro-Jamaican foreman.

15.

Marcus Garvey became a trade unionist, vice president of the compositors' section of the Printers' Union, and took a leading role in the November 1908 print workers' strike.

16.

Henceforth branded a troublemaker, Marcus Garvey was unable to find work in the private sector.

17.

Marcus Garvey then found temporary employment with a government printer.

18.

Marcus Garvey involved himself with the National Club, Jamaica's first nationalist organization, becoming its first assistant secretary in April 1910.

19.

Marcus Garvey claimed it had a circulation of 3000, although this was likely an exaggeration.

20.

Marcus Garvey enrolled in elocution lessons with the radical journalist Joseph Robert Love, coming to regard him as a mentor.

21.

In mid-1910, Marcus Garvey travelled to Costa Rica, where an uncle had secured him employment as a timekeeper on a large banana plantation in the Limon Province owned by the United Fruit Company.

22.

Marcus Garvey then travelled through Central America, undertaking casual work as he made his way through Honduras, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela.

23.

Marcus Garvey then decided to travel to London, the administrative centre of the British Empire, in the hope of advancing his informal education.

24.

Marcus Garvey visited Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park and began making speeches there.

25.

Marcus Garvey initially gained piecemeal work labouring in the city's docks.

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26.

Marcus Garvey took several evening classes in law at Birkbeck College in Bloomsbury.

27.

Marcus Garvey planned a tour of Europe, spending time in Glasgow, Paris, Monte Carlo, Boulogne, and Madrid.

28.

En route home, Marcus Garvey talked with an Afro-Caribbean missionary who had spent time in Basutoland and taken a Basuto wife.

29.

Marcus Garvey began earning money selling greeting and condolence cards which he had imported from Britain, before later switching to selling tombstones.

30.

Also in July 1914, Marcus Garvey launched the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League, commonly abbreviated as UNIA.

31.

Many Jamaicans were critical of the group's prominent use of the term "Negro", a term which was often employed as an insult: Marcus Garvey embraced the term in reference to black people of African descent.

32.

Marcus Garvey became UNIA's president and travelling commissioner; it was initially based out of his hotel room in Orange Street, Kingston.

33.

Marcus Garvey wrote to Washington and received a brief, if encouraging reply; Washington died shortly after.

34.

Blackden lectured to the group on the war effort; Marcus Garvey endorsed Blackden's calls for more Jamaicans to sign up to fight for the Empire on the Western Front.

35.

The group sponsored musical and literary evenings as well as a February 1915 elocution contest, at which Marcus Garvey took first prize.

36.

Marcus Garvey joined UNIA and rented a better premises for them to use as their headquarters, secured using her father's credit.

37.

Marcus Garvey became increasingly aware of how UNIA had failed to thrive in Jamaica and decided to migrate to the United States, sailing there aboard the SS Tallac in March 1916.

38.

Marcus Garvey began lecturing in the city, hoping to make a career as a public speaker, although at his first public speech he was heckled and fell off the stage.

39.

In May 1917, Marcus Garvey launched a New York branch of UNIA.

40.

Marcus Garvey declared membership open to anyone "of Negro blood and African ancestry" who could pay the 25 cents a month membership fee.

41.

Marcus Garvey joined many other speakers who made speeches on the street, standing on step-ladders; he often did so at Speakers' Corner on 135th Street.

42.

Marcus Garvey later became an opponent of African-American involvement in the conflict, following Harrison in accusing it of being a "white man's war".

43.

Marcus Garvey produced a pamphlet, The Conspiracy of the East St Louis Riots, which was widely distributed; proceeds from its sale went to victims of the riots.

44.

Marcus Garvey secured the support of the journalist John Edward Bruce, agreeing to step down from the group's presidency in favor of Bruce.

45.

Mohamed Ali responded with a negative assessment of Marcus Garvey, suggesting that he simply used UNIA as a money-making scheme.

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46.

Marcus Garvey then resigned from UNIA, establishing a rival group that met at Old Fellows Temple.

47.

Marcus Garvey envisioned UNIA establishing an import-and-export business, a restaurant, and a launderette.

48.

Marcus Garvey proposed raising the funds to secure a permanent building as a base for the group.

49.

Marcus Garvey appointed his old friend Domingo, who had arrived in New York City, as the newspaper's editor.

50.

However, Domingo's socialist views alarmed Marcus Garvey, who feared that they would imperil UNIA.

51.

Marcus Garvey had Domingo brought before UNIA's nine-person executive committee, where the latter was accused of writing editorials professing ideas at odds with UNIA's message.

52.

Domingo resigned several months later; he and Marcus Garvey henceforth became enemies.

53.

In September 1918, Amy Ashwood sailed from Panama to be with Marcus Garvey, arriving in New York City in October.

54.

Marcus Garvey joined various African Americans in forming the International League for Darker People, a group which sought to lobby Wilson and the conference to give greater respect to the wishes of people of color; their delegates nevertheless were unable to secure the travel documentation.

55.

At Marcus Garvey's prompting, UNIA sent a young Haitian, Eliezer Cadet, as its delegate to the conference.

56.

Loving's report concluded that Marcus Garvey was a "very able young man" who was disseminating "clever propaganda".

57.

The Bureau of Investigation's J Edgar Hoover decided that Garvey was politically subversive and should be deported from the US, adding his name to the list of those to be targeted in the forthcoming Palmer Raids.

58.

Du Bois generally tried to ignore Marcus Garvey, regarding him as a demagogue, but at the same time wanted to learn all he could about Marcus Garvey's movement.

59.

In 1921, Marcus Garvey twice reached out to Du Bois, asking him to contribute to UNIA publications, but the offer was rebuffed.

60.

UNIA obtained a partially-constructed church building at 114 West 138 Street in Harlem, which Marcus Garvey named "Liberty Hall" after its namesake in Dublin, Ireland, which had been established during the Easter Rising of 1916.

61.

Marcus Garvey organized the African Legion, a group of uniformed men who would attend UNIA parades; a secret service was formed from Legion members, providing Marcus Garvey with intelligence about group members.

62.

In January 1920, Marcus Garvey incorporated the Negro Factories League, through which he opened a string of grocery stores, a restaurant, a steam laundry, and publishing house.

63.

At the conference, UNIA delegates declared Marcus Garvey to be the Provisional President of Africa, charged with heading a government-in-exile that could take power in the continent when European colonial rule ended via decolonization.

64.

Many outside the movement ridiculed Marcus Garvey for giving himself this title.

65.

In 1921, Marcus Garvey sent a UNIA team to assess the prospects of mass African-American settlement in Liberia.

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66.

Marcus Garvey pushed out Cyril Briggs and other members of the African Blood Brotherhood from UNIA, wanting to place growing distance between himself and black socialist groups.

67.

When this case eventually came to court, the court ordered Marcus Garvey to provide a printed retraction.

68.

Marcus Garvey soon recovered from his wounds; five days later he gave a public speech in Philadelphia.

69.

Shortly after the incident, Marcus Garvey proposed marriage to Amy Ashwood and she accepted.

70.

Marcus Garvey was upset by his inability to control his wife, particularly her drinking and her socializing with other men.

71.

Marcus Garvey was pregnant, although the child was possibly not his; she did not inform him of this, and the pregnancy ended in miscarriage.

72.

Three months into the marriage, Marcus Garvey sought an annulment, on the basis of Ashwood's alleged adultery and the claim that she had used "fraud and concealment" to induce the marriage.

73.

Marcus Garvey launched a counter-claim for desertion, requesting $75 a week alimony.

74.

The court rejected this sum, instead ordering Marcus Garvey to pay her $12 a week.

75.

Now separated, Marcus Garvey moved into a 129th Street apartment with Jacques and Henrietta Vinton Davis, an arrangement that at the time could have caused some social controversy.

76.

Marcus Garvey was later joined there by his sister Indiana and her husband, Alfred Peart.

77.

Marcus Garvey envisioned a shipping and passenger line traveling between Africa and the Americas, which would be black-owned, black-staffed, and utilized by black patrons.

78.

Marcus Garvey thought that the project could be launched by raising $2 million from African-American donors, publicly declaring that any black person who did not buy stock in the company "will be worse than a traitor to the cause of struggling Ethiopia".

79.

Marcus Garvey incorporated the company and then sought about trying to purchase a ship.

80.

Many African Americans took great pride in buying company stock, seeing it as an investment in their community's future; Marcus Garvey promised that when the company began turning a profit they would receive significant financial returns on their investment.

81.

Marcus Garvey had been unable to find enough trained black seamen to staff the ship, so its initial chief engineer and chief officer were white.

82.

Marcus Garvey planned to obtain and launch a second ship by February 1920, with the Black Star Line putting down a $10,000 deposit on a paddle ship called the SS Shady Side.

83.

In July 1920, Garvey sacked both the Black Star Line's secretary, Edward D Smith-Green, and its captain, Joshua Cockburn; the latter was accused of corruption.

84.

In 1921, Marcus Garvey traveled to the Caribbean aboard a new Black Star Line ship, the Antonio Maceo.

85.

From Jamaica, Marcus Garvey traveled to Costa Rica, where the United Fruit Company assisted his transportation around the country, hoping to gain his favor.

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86.

In January 1922, Marcus Garvey was arrested and charged with mail fraud for having advertised the sale of stocks in a ship, the Orion, which the Black Star Line did not yet own.

87.

Marcus Garvey spoke out against the charges he faced, but focused on blaming not the state, but rival African-American groups, for them.

88.

Marcus Garvey made plans for a tour of the western and southern states.

89.

In June 1922, Marcus Garvey met with Edward Young Clarke, the Imperial Wizard pro tempore of the Ku Klux Klan at the Klan's offices in Atlanta.

90.

Marcus Garvey made a number of incendiary speeches in the months leading up to that meeting; in some, he thanked the whites for Jim Crow.

91.

Marcus Garvey denied any hostility towards the Negro Improvement Association.

92.

Marcus Garvey attracted the country's first black pilot, Hubert Fauntleroy Julian, to join UNIA and to perform aerial stunts to raise its profile.

93.

Marcus Garvey finally succeeded in securing a UNIA delegation to the League of Nations, sending five members to represent the group to Geneva.

94.

Marcus Garvey proposed that a book of his speeches be published; it appeared as The Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, although the speeches were edited to remove more inflammatory material.

95.

At UNIA's August 1922 convention, Marcus Garvey called for the impeachment of several senior UNIA figures, including Adrian Johnson and JD Gibson, and declared that the UNIA cabinet should not be elected by the organization's members, but appointed directly by him.

96.

Marcus Garvey then began openly criticising another senior member, Reverend James Eason, and succeeded in getting him expelled from UNIA.

97.

Hoover suspected that the killing had been ordered by senior UNIA members, although Marcus Garvey publicly denied any involvement; he nevertheless launched a defense fund campaign for Eason's killers.

98.

The judge overseeing the proceedings was Julian Mack, although Marcus Garvey disliked his selection on the grounds that he thought Mack an NAACP sympathiser.

99.

Marcus Garvey was furious with the verdict, shouting abuse in the courtroom and calling both the judge and district attorney "damned dirty Jews".

100.

Marcus Garvey felt that they had been biased because of their political objections to his meeting with the acting imperial wizard of the Ku Klux Klan the year before.

101.

However, with Marcus Garvey imprisoned, UNIA's membership began to decline, and there was a growing schism between its Caribbean and African-American members.

102.

From jail, Marcus Garvey continued to write letters and articles lashing out at those he blamed for the conviction, focusing much of his criticism on the NAACP.

103.

Marcus Garvey blamed Du Bois for this apparent change in the Liberian government's attitude, for the latter had spent time in the country and had links with its ruling elite; Du Bois denied the accusation.

104.

Marcus Garvey was in Detroit at the time and was arrested while aboard a train back to New York City.

105.

Marcus Garvey received regular letters from UNIA members and from his wife; she visited him every three weeks.

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106.

Marcus Garvey wrote The Meditations of Marcus Garvey, its name an allusion to The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius.

107.

From prison, Marcus Garvey continued corresponding with far-right white separatist activists like Earnest Sevier Cox of the White American Society and John Powell of the Anglo-Saxon Clubs of America; the latter visited Marcus Garvey in prison.

108.

The court ruled in favor of Marcus Garvey, recognising the legality of his divorce.

109.

Marcus Garvey was angry and in February 1926 wrote to the Negro World expressing his dissatisfaction with Sherrill's leadership.

110.

Marcus Garvey stipulated that Garvey should be deported straight after release.

111.

Marcus Garvey then transferred to the SS Santa Maria, which took him to Kingston, Jamaica.

112.

Marcus Garvey urged Afro-Jamaicans to raise their standards of living and rally against Chinese and Syrian migrants who had moved to the island.

113.

Marcus Garvey attempted to travel across Central America but found his hopes blocked by the region's various administrations, who regarded him as disruptive.

114.

One of these, Coronation of an African King, was written by Marcus Garvey and performed in August 1930.

115.

In Jamaica, Marcus Garvey became a de facto surrogate father to his niece, Ruth, whose father had recently died.

116.

In September 1930, his first son, Marcus Garvey III, was born; three years later a second son, Julius, followed.

117.

In Kingston, Marcus Garvey was elected a city councillor and established the country's first political party, the People's Political Party, through which he intended to contest the forthcoming legislative council election.

118.

The latter policy led to Marcus Garvey being charged with demeaning the judiciary and undermining public confidence in it.

119.

Marcus Garvey was furious and wrote an editorial against them, published in the Blackman journal.

120.

In increasingly strained finances amid the Great Depression, Marcus Garvey began working as an auctioneer, and by 1935 was supplementing this with his wife's savings.

121.

Marcus Garvey re-mortgaged his house and personal properties and in 1934 Edelweiss Park was foreclosed and auctioned off.

122.

Dissatisfied with life in Jamaica, Marcus Garvey decided to move to London, sailing aboard the SS Tilapa in March 1935.

123.

In London, Marcus Garvey sought to rebuild UNIA, although found there was much competition in the city from other black activist groups.

124.

Marcus Garvey established a new UNIA headquarters in Beaumont Gardens, West Kensington and launched a new monthly journal, Black Man.

125.

Marcus Garvey returned to speaking at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park.

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126.

Marcus Garvey had hopes of becoming a Member of Parliament, although this amounted to nothing.

127.

Marcus Garvey spoke out against the Italians and praised the government of Haile Selassie.

128.

When Selassie fled his homeland and arrived in Britain, Marcus Garvey was among the black delegates who arranged to meet him at Waterloo station, but was rebuffed.

129.

Shortly after, Marcus Garvey embarked on a lecture and fundraising tour of Canada and the Caribbean, in which he attended the annual UNIA convention in Toronto.

130.

Once he had returned to London, Marcus Garvey took up a new family home in Talgarth Road, not far from UNIA's headquarters.

131.

In public debates, Marcus Garvey repeatedly clashed with Padmore, who was chair of the International African Service Bureau.

132.

Doctors had recommended that Marcus Garvey III be moved to a warm climate to aid with his severe rheumatism; Jacques had not informed her husband of the decision.

133.

When Marcus Garvey returned to London, he was furious with his wife's decision.

134.

Marcus Garvey was increasingly isolated, while UNIA was running out of funds as its international membership dwindled.

135.

In January 1940, Marcus Garvey suffered a stroke which left him largely paralysed.

136.

Marcus Garvey then suffered a second stroke and died at the age of 52 on 10 June 1940.

137.

Marcus Garvey's body was interred in a vault in the catacombs of the chapel of St Mary's Catholic Cemetery in Kensal Green, West London.

138.

Alexander's campaign was successful and in 1964 Marcus Garvey's remains were exhumed and returned to Jamaica.

139.

Marcus Garvey's body was then reburied in King George VI Memorial Park on 22 November 1964 with pomp and ceremony befitting a national hero; numerous foreign diplomats attended.

140.

Marcus Garvey's ideas were influenced by a range of sources.

141.

Marcus Garvey saw strong parallels between the subjugation of Ireland and the global subjugation of black people, and identified strongly with the Irish independence leader Eamon de Valera.

142.

Marcus Garvey was hostile to the efforts of the progressive movement to agitate for social and political rights for African Americans, arguing that this was ineffective and that laws would never change the underlying racial prejudice of European Americans.

143.

Marcus Garvey argued that the European-American population of the US would never tolerate the social integration which was being advocated by activists like Du Bois because he believed that campaigns for such integration would lead to anti-black riots and lynchings.

144.

Marcus Garvey openly conceded that the US was a white man's country and thus, he did not think that African Americans should expect equal treatment within it.

145.

Marcus Garvey advocated racial separatism, but he did not believe in black supremacy.

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146.

Marcus Garvey rallied against Eurocentric beauty standards among blacks, seeing them as impediments to black self-respect.

147.

Marcus Garvey argued that mixed-race people would be bred out of existence.

148.

Cronon believed that Marcus Garvey exhibited "antipathy and distrust of anybody but the darkest-skinned Negroes"; The hostility towards black people whose African blood was not considered "pure" was a sentiment which Marcus Garvey shared with Blyden.

149.

Marcus Garvey supported the Back-to-Africa movement, which had been influenced by Edward Wilmot Blyden, who migrated to Liberia in 1850.

150.

However, Marcus Garvey did not believe that all African Americans should migrate to Africa.

151.

Marcus Garvey was aware that the majority of African Americans would not want to move to Africa until it had the more modern comforts that they had become accustomed to in the US Through the UNIA, he discussed plans for a migration to Liberia, but these plans came to nothing and his hope to move African Americans to West Africa ultimately failed.

152.

Marcus Garvey's envisioned Africa was to be a one-party state in which the president could have "absolute authority" to appoint "all of his lieutenants from cabinet ministers, governors of States and Territories, administrators and judges to minor offices".

153.

Marcus Garvey never visited Africa himself, and he did not speak any African language.

154.

Marcus Garvey knew very little about the continent's varied customs, languages, religions, and traditional social structures, and his critics frequently believed that his views of the continent were based on romanticism and ignorance.

155.

When he extolled the glories of Africa, Marcus Garvey cited the ancient Egyptians and Ethiopians who had built empires and monumental architectural structures, which he cited as evidence of civilization, rather than the smaller-scale societies which lived on other parts of the continent.

156.

Moses thought that Marcus Garvey "had more affinity for the pomp and tinsel of European imperialism than he did for black African tribal life".

157.

Marcus Garvey's head was not turned by the scholarly authority of Harvard University professor George Reisner whose opinion Marcus Garvey challenged on the pages of The Negro World.

158.

Marcus Garvey believed in economic independence for the African diaspora and through the UNIA, he attempted to achieve it by forming ventures like the Black Star Line and the Negro Factories Corporation.

159.

Marcus Garvey admired Booker T Washington's economic endeavours but criticized his focus on individualism: Garvey believed that African-American interests would best be advanced if businesses included collective decision-making and group profit-sharing.

160.

Marcus Garvey's advocacy of capitalistic wealth distribution was a more equitable view of capitalism than the view of capitalism which was then prevalent in the US; he believed that some restrictions should be imposed on individuals and businesses in order to prevent them from acquiring too much wealth, in his view, no individual should be allowed to control more than one million dollars and no company should be allowed to control more than five million dollars.

161.

Marcus Garvey believed that the communist movement did not serve the interests of African Americans because it was a white person's creation.

162.

Marcus Garvey envisioned a form of Christianity which would specifically be designed for black African people, a sort of black religion.

163.

Marcus Garvey emphasised the idea of black people worshipping a God who was depicted as black.

164.

Marcus Garvey had little experience with them, because he had attended a white-run Wesleyan congregation when he was a child, and later, he converted to Catholicism.

165.

Marcus Garvey suffered from asthma, and was prone to lung infections; and throughout his adult life, he was affected by bouts of pneumonia.

166.

Grant noted that Marcus Garvey "possessed a single-mindedness of purpose that left no room for the kind of spectacular failure that was always a possibility".

167.

Marcus Garvey was an eloquent orator, with Cronon suggesting that his "peculiar gift of oratory" stemmed from "a combination of bombast and stirring heroics".

168.

Marcus Garvey enjoyed arguing with people, and he wanted to be seen as a learned man; he read widely, particularly in history.

169.

For Grant, Marcus Garvey was "a man of grand, purposeful gestures".

170.

Marcus Garvey thought that the black nationalist leader was an "ascetic" who had "conservative tastes".

171.

Marcus Garvey was a teetotaller who believed that alcohol consumption was morally reprehensible; he collected antique ceramics and enjoyed going around antique shops and flea markets and searching for items to add to his collection.

172.

Marcus Garvey placed value on courtesy and respect, discouraging his supporters from being loutish.

173.

Marcus Garvey enjoyed dressing up in military costumes, and he adored regal pomp and ceremony; he believed that pageantry would stir the black masses out of their apathy, despite the accusations of buffoonery which were made by members of the African-American intelligentsia.

174.

Grant noted that Marcus Garvey had a "tendency to overstate his achievements", but Cronon thought that Marcus Garvey tended to surround himself with sycophants rather than more competent advisors.

175.

Marcus Garvey's second son, Julius Garvey, was born on 1933 and became a cardiovascular surgeon and he is currently based in Flushing, New York.

176.

Marcus Garvey has invariably been described as the Black Moses of his race, a group psychologist and an idealist planner, an iconoclast, an egotist, a zealot, a charlatan and a buffoon.

177.

Marcus Garvey has been portrayed as flamboyant, dynamic, bombastic, defiant, ruthless, a dreamer and a fool.

178.

Regardless of what history will write about him, and his personal shortcomings notwithstanding, Marcus Garvey was undoubtedly the peerless champion of his race.

179.

Marcus Garvey was a bulwark for the world-wide organization of people of African descent.

180.

Grant noted that views on him largely divided between two camps, one camp portrayed him as a charlatan and the other camp portrayed him as a saint; similarly, Cronon noted that Marcus Garvey was varyingly perceived as a "strident demagogue or a dedicated prophet, a martyred visionary or a fabulous con man".

181.

Martin noted that by the time Marcus Garvey returned to Jamaica in the 1920s, he was "just about the best known Black man in the whole world".

182.

Marcus Garvey has received praise from people who believe that he was a "race patriot", and many African Americans believe that he encouraged black people to develop a sense of self-respect and pride.

183.

In 1955, Cronon stated that while Marcus Garvey "achieved little in the way of permanent improvement" for black people, he "awakened fires of Negro nationalism that have yet to be extinguished".

184.

In Cronon's view, Marcus Garvey was important because he gave African-descended peoples a new feeling of collective pride and a sense of individual worth.

185.

Hart believed that Marcus Garvey's importance lay in the fact that he stirred millions of people who were otherwise apathetic into action.

186.

Marcus Garvey chiefly attracted attention because he put into powerful ringing phrases the secret thoughts of the Negro world.

187.

Marcus Garvey promised a Negro nation in the African homeland that would be the marvel of the modern world.

188.

Marcus Garvey pointed to Negro triumphs in the past and described in glowing syllables the glories of the future.

189.

When Marcus Garvey spoke of the greatness of the race, Negroes everywhere could forget for a moment the shame of discrimination and the horrors of lynching.

190.

Marcus Garvey was unpopular within elite sections of the African-American community, in part perhaps out of envy of his successes in attracting the support of the black masses, and in part out of concern that he was leading their community astray.

191.

Marcus Garvey obtained a reputation for failing to pay his debts, and his detractors accused him of dishonesty.

192.

In November 1964, Marcus Garvey's body was removed from West Kensal Green Cemetery and taken to Jamaica.

193.

Marcus Garvey was the first man to give millions of Negroes a sense of dignity and destiny on a mass scale and level.

194.

Marcus Garvey never regarded himself as a religious visionary but he was perceived as such by some of his followers.

195.

Marcus Garvey's ideas were a significant influence on the Nation of Islam, a religious group for African Americans established in the US in 1930.

196.

Rastafari does not promote all of the views that Marcus Garvey espoused, nevertheless, it shares many of them.

197.

Marcus Garvey knew of the Rastas from his time in Jamaica during the 1930s but his view of them, according to the scholar Barry Chevannes, "bordered on scorn".

198.

Marcus Garvey's likeness was on the 20-dollar coin and 25-cent coin of the Jamaican dollar.

199.

Those mentioned in connection with the role of Marcus Garvey have included the Jamaican-born actor Kevin Navayne and the British-born actor of Jamaican descent Delroy Lindo.

200.

Marcus Garvey appears in Jason Overstreet's The Strivers' Row Spy, a 2016 historical novel about the Harlem Renaissance.

201.

The 2021 documentary film African Redemption: The Life and Legacy of Marcus Garvey, directed by Roy T Anderson, was made with the collaboration of Julius Garvey.