28 Facts About Modafinil

Modafinil, sold under the brand name Provigil among others, is a central nervous system stimulant medication used to treat sleepiness due to narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea.

Modafinil appears to work by acting on dopamine and modulating the areas of the brain involved with the sleep cycle.

Originally developed in the 1970s by French neuroscientist Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories, Modafinil has been prescribed in France since 1994, and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1998.

Modafinil is not considered to be a classical psychostimulant, but rather is classified as a eugeroic.

Modafinil is used primarily for treatment of narcolepsy, shift work sleep disorder, and excessive daytime sleepiness associated with obstructive sleep apnea.

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Modafinil is suggested for helping with multiple sclerosis fatigue by the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and by MS NGOs.

Modafinil being of French origin, it was fielded to military personnel in the Air Force, Foreign Legion and Marine infantry during the 1st Gulf War.

Modafinil is "available to crew to optimize performance while fatigued" and helps with the disruptions in circadian rhythms and with the reduced quality of sleep astronauts experience.

Modafinil has been used non-medically as a "smart drug" by students, office workers, soldiers and transhumanists.

Modafinil is not approved for use in children for any medical conditions, in whom there is a higher risk of rare but serious dermatological toxicity.

Modafinil-associated psychiatric reactions have occurred in those with and without a pre-existing psychiatric history.

Modafinil is classified by the United States FDA as a schedule IV controlled substance, a category for drugs with valid medical uses and low addiction potential.

Modafinil is classified as a weak to moderate inducer of CYP3A4.

Modafinil was screened at a large panel of receptors and transporters in an attempt to elucidate its pharmacology.

Modafinil has been described as an "atypical" DAT inhibitor, and shows a profile of effects that is very different from those of other dopaminergic stimulants.

Modafinil has been found to directly inhibit the firing of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra of rats via activation of D2 receptors.

Modafinil was originally developed in France by neurophysiologist professor Michel Jouvet and Lafon Laboratories.

Modafinil originated with the 1970s invention of a series of benzhydryl sulfinyl compounds, including adrafinil, which was first offered as an experimental treatment for narcolepsy in France in 1986.

Modafinil is the primary metabolite of adrafinil, lacking the polar -OH group on its terminal amide, and has similar activity to the parent drug but is much more widely used.

Modafinil is marketed in the United States by Cephalon, who originally leased the rights from Lafon, but eventually purchased the company in 2001.

Modafinil is considered a stimulant doping agent and as such is prohibited in sports competitions, in the same category as steroids.

Modafinil is currently classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance under United States federal law; it is illegal to import by anyone other than a DEA-registered importer without a prescription.

Modafinil has received some publicity in the past when several athletes were accused of using it as a performance-enhancing doping agent.

Modafinil was added to the World Anti-Doping Agency "Prohibited List" in 2004 as a prohibited stimulant.

Modafinil has been studied in the treatment of major depressive disorder.

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Modafinil has been studied and reported to be effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, with significantly less abuse potential than conventional psychostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamines.

Modafinil has been studied for the treatment of stimulant dependence.

Modafinil has been used off-label in trials with people with symptoms of post-chemotherapy cognitive impairment, known as "chemobrain", but a 2011 review found that it was no better than placebo.