16 Facts About Pavlovian conditioning

Classical conditioning is distinct from operant conditioning, through which the strength of a voluntary behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment.

Classical Pavlovian conditioning was first studied in detail by Ivan Pavlov, who conducted experiments with dogs and published his findings in 1897.

Classical Pavlovian conditioning is a basic behavioral mechanism, and its neural substrates are now beginning to be understood.

Classical Pavlovian conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Best-known and most thorough early work on classical Pavlovian conditioning was done by Ivan Pavlov, although Edwin Twitmyer published some related findings a year earlier.

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Pavlovian conditioning redirected the animal's digestive fluids outside the body, where they could be measured.

The speed of Pavlovian conditioning depends on a number of factors, such as the nature and strength of both the CS and the US, previous experience and the animal's motivational state.

The rate of pressing during the CS measures the strength of classical Pavlovian conditioning; that is, the slower the rat presses, the stronger the association of the CS and the US.

Experiments on theoretical issues in Pavlovian conditioning have mostly been done on vertebrates, especially rats and pigeons.

However, Pavlovian conditioning has been studied in invertebrates, and very important data on the neural basis of Pavlovian conditioning has come from experiments on the sea slug, Aplysia.

In one of these, proposed by Nicholas Mackintosh, the speed of Pavlovian conditioning depends on the amount of attention devoted to the CS, and this amount of attention depends in turn on how well the CS predicts the US.

The rise and decay of element activation enables the model to explain time-dependent effects such as the fact that Pavlovian conditioning is strongest when the CS comes just before the US, and that when the CS comes after the US the result is often an inhibitory CS.

Pavlov proposed that Pavlovian conditioning involved a connection between brain centers for conditioned and unconditioned stimuli.

Fear and eyeblink Pavlovian conditioning involve generally non overlapping neural circuitry, but share molecular mechanisms.

Fear Pavlovian conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala, which receives glutaminergic input directly from thalamic afferents, as well as indirectly from prefrontal projections.

Some therapies associated with classical Pavlovian conditioning are aversion therapy, systematic desensitization and flooding.