34 Facts About Programming languages

Programming languages language is a system of notation for writing computer programs.

Some languages are defined by a specification document while other languages have a dominant implementation that is treated as a reference.

Some Programming languages have both, with the basic language defined by a standard and extensions taken from the dominant implementation being common.

Similarly, Programming languages used in computing that have a different goal than expressing computer programs are generically designated computer Programming languages.

For instance, markup languages are sometimes referred to as computer languages to emphasize that they are not meant to be used for programming.

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One way of classifying computer Programming languages is by the computations they are capable of expressing, as described by the theory of computation.

The majority of practical programming languages are Turing complete, and all Turing complete languages can implement the same set of algorithms.

John C Reynolds emphasizes that formal specification languages are just as much programming languages as are the languages intended for execution.

Programming languages argues that textual and even graphical input formats that affect the behavior of a computer are programming languages, despite the fact they are commonly not Turing-complete, and remarks that ignorance of programming language concepts is the reason for many flaws in input formats.

Programming languages differ from natural languages in that natural languages are only used for interaction between people, while programming languages allow humans to communicate instructions to machines.

Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution.

Each of these languages spawned descendants, and most modern programming languages count at least one of them in their ancestry.

Fourth-generation programming languages are computer programming languages that aim to provide a higher level of abstraction of the internal computer hardware details than 3GLs.

Fifth-generation programming languages are programming languages based on solving problems using constraints given to the program, rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer.

All programming languages have some primitive building blocks for the description of data and the processes or transformations applied to them .

The syntax of most programming languages can be specified using a Type-2 grammar, i e, they are context-free grammars.

Some Programming languages, including Perl and Lisp, contain constructs that allow execution during the parsing phase.

The data represented by "this text between the quotes" is a string, and in many programming languages dividing a number by a string has no meaning and will not be executed.

Many Programming languages allow a function called an exception handler to handle this exception and, for example, always return "-1" as the result.

In contrast, an untyped language, such as most assembly Programming languages, allows any operation to be performed on any data, generally sequences of bits of various lengths.

In practice, while few Programming languages are considered typed from the type theory, most modern Programming languages offer a degree of typing.

Many production Programming languages provide means to bypass or subvert the type system, trading type-safety for finer control over the program's execution .

Additionally, some programming languages allow for some types to be automatically converted to other types; for example, an int can be used where the program expects a float.

Indeed, some Programming languages are designed so that the meanings of certain syntactic constructs cannot even be described without referring to the core library.

Many programming languages have been designed from scratch, altered to meet new needs, and combined with other languages.

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The need for diverse programming languages arises from the diversity of contexts in which languages are used:.

One common trend in the development of programming languages has been to add more ability to solve problems using a higher level of abstraction.

The earliest programming languages were tied very closely to the underlying hardware of the computer.

Proprietary programming languages are commonly domain specific languages or internal scripting languages for a single product; some proprietary languages are used only internally within a vendor, while others are available to external users.

Many proprietary Programming languages are widely used, in spite of their proprietary nature; examples include MATLAB, VBScript, and Wolfram Language.

Programming languages differ from most other forms of human expression in that they require a greater degree of precision and completeness.

Programming languages is the process by which programmers combine these primitives to compose new programs, or adapt existing ones to new uses or a changing environment.

Some Programming languages are very popular for particular kinds of applications.

Traditionally, programming languages have been regarded as describing computation in terms of imperative sentences, i e issuing commands.