The Qianlong Emperor, known by his temple name Emperor Gaozong of Qing, born Aisin-Gioro Hongli, was the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty and the fourth Qing emperor to rule over China proper.
61 Facts About Qianlong Emperor
2.
Qianlong Emperor was respected as the "Emperor Manjushri" by Tibetans.
3.
Hongli was the fourth son of the Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor and was born to Noble Consort Xi.
4.
Some historians argue that the main reason why the Kangxi Qianlong Emperor appointed the Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor as his successor was because Hongli was his favorite grandson.
5.
Qianlong Emperor felt that Hongli's mannerisms were very similar to his own.
6.
For many years, the Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor did not designate any of his sons as the crown prince, but many officials speculated that he favoured Hongli.
7.
Qianlong Emperor was appointed as the chief regent on occasions when his father was away from the capital.
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Hongli adopted the era name "Qianlong Emperor", which means "Lasting Eminence".
9.
Qianlong Emperor's dress consisted of a loose robe of yellow silk, a cap of black velvet with a red ball on the top, and adorned with a peacock's feather, which is the peculiar distinction of mandarins of the first class.
10.
Qianlong Emperor wore silk boots embroidered with gold, and a sash of blue girded his waist.
11.
Poems glorifying the Qing conquest and genocide of the Dzungar Mongols were written by Zhao, who wrote the Yanpu zaji in "brush-notes" style, where military expenditures of the Qianlong Emperor's reign were recorded.
12.
The Qianlong Emperor was praised as being the source of "eighteenth-century peace and prosperity" by Zhao Yi.
13.
In 1762 the Qianlong Emperor came close to war with the Afghan Emir Ahmad Shah Durrani because of Qing China's expansions in Central Asia.
14.
However, the Afghan envoy failed to make a good impression to Qianlong Emperor after refusing to perform the kowtow.
15.
Qianlong Emperor later refused to intervene in the Durrani Empire's killing of the Sultan of Badakhshan, who was a vassal of Qing China.
16.
The Qianlong Emperor responded to the vassal Shan States's request for military aid against the attacking forces of Burma, but the Sino-Burmese War ended in complete failure.
17.
Qianlong Emperor initially believed that it would be an easy victory against a barbarian tribe, and sent only the Green Standard Army based in Yunnan, which borders Burma.
18.
The Qianlong Emperor agreed and sent a large army into Vietnam to remove the Tay Son.
19.
The Manchu Qianlong Emperor ordered that the Uyghur rebel town be massacred, the Qing forces enslaved all the Uyghur children and women and slaughtered the Uyghur men.
20.
Qianlong Emperor ordered the compilation of Manchu language genealogies, histories, and ritual handbooks and in 1747 secretly ordered the compilation of the Shamanic Code, published later in the Siku Quanshu.
21.
Qianlong Emperor further solidified the dynasty's cultural and religious claims in Central Asia by ordering a replica of the Tibetan Potala Palace, the Putuo Zongcheng Temple, to be built on the grounds of the imperial summer palace in Chengde.
22.
Qianlong Emperor's collected writings, which he published in a tenfold series between 1749 and 1800, contain more than 40,000 poems and 1,300 prose texts, which if he had composed them all would make him one of the most prolific writers of all time.
23.
The Qianlong Emperor was a major patron and important "preserver and restorer" of Confucian culture.
24.
Qianlong Emperor sometimes pressured or forced wealthy officials to surrender precious objects by offering to excuse shortcomings in their performance if they made a certain "gift".
25.
Qianlong Emperor describes the mountains and wildlife, using them to justify his belief that the dynasty would endure.
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Qianlong Emperor directed the elimination of loanwords taken from Chinese and replaced them with calque translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries.
27.
The Qianlong Emperor commissioned the Qin ding Xiyu Tongwen Zhi which was a thesaurus of geographic names in Xinjiang, in Oirat Mongol, Manchu, Chinese, Tibetan, and Turki.
28.
The Qianlong Emperor showed a personal belief in Tibetan Buddhism, following the tradition of Manchu rulers associating with the Bodhisattva Manjushri.
29.
Qianlong Emperor continued their patronage of Tibetan Buddhist art and ordered translations of the Buddhist canon into Manchu.
30.
Qianlong Emperor learned to read Tibetan and studied Buddhist texts assiduously.
31.
Qianlong Emperor's beliefs are reflected in the Tibetan Buddhist imagery of his tomb, perhaps the most personal and private expression of an emperor's life.
32.
Qianlong Emperor supported the Yellow Church to "maintain peace among the Mongols" since the Mongols were followers of the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama of the Yellow Church.
33.
Qianlong Emperor said it was "merely in pursuance of Our policy of extending Our affection to the weak" which led him to patronize the Yellow Church.
34.
The Kangxi Qianlong Emperor said that Muslim and Han Chinese were equal when people argued for Muslims to be treated differently.
35.
The Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor held the opinion that "Islam was foolish, but he felt it did not pose a threat" when a judge in Shandong petitioned him to destroy mosques and ban Islam.
36.
Qianlong Emperor implemented the policy that the criminal deeds of Muslim congregants of Mosques ended up with their Imams being punished and held responsible for them.
37.
The Manchu court under Qianlong Emperor began approving and implementing Chen Hongmou's anti-Muslim laws that targeted Muslims for practicing their religion and the violence by the Qing state, the communal violence between Jahriyya and Khafiyya coincided with the Jahriyya's major expansion.
38.
Chen Hongmou's policies were implemented as laws in 1762 by the Qing government's Board of Punishments and the Qing Manchu Qianlong emperor leading to severe tensions with Muslims.
39.
The Qianlong Emperor asked his minister what was going on as he was puzzled as to how the Muslims from many regions gathered together for revolt.
40.
Qianlong Emperor asked if the investigation of Muslim behavior by Li Shiyao got leaked leading to rebels to incite violence by telling Muslims the government would exterminate them.
41.
Qianlong Emperor then pondered and said none of these could be why and kept asking why.
42.
Qianlong Emperor eventually added two new villas, the "Garden of Eternal Spring" and the "Elegant Spring Garden".
43.
The Qianlong Emperor expanded the imperial summer palace in Rehe Province, beyond the Great Wall.
44.
Rehe eventually became effectively a third capital and it was at Rehe that the Qianlong Emperor held court with various Mongol nobles.
45.
Qianlong Emperor commissioned the French Jesuit Michel Benoist, to design a series of timed waterworks and fountains complete with underground machinery and pipes, for the amusement of the imperial family.
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Qianlong Emperor co-designed, with Castiglione and Ignatius Sichelbart, the Battle Copper Prints.
47.
In 1725, the Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor bestowed an hereditary marquis title on a descendant of Zhu Zhilian, a descendant of the imperial family of the Ming dynasty.
48.
The Qianlong Emperor instituted a policy of "Manchu-fying" the Eight Banner system, which was the basic military and social organisation of the dynasty.
49.
The Qianlong Emperor changed this definition to one of descent, and demobilised many Han Bannermen and urged Manchu Bannermen to protect their cultural heritage, language and martial skills.
50.
Qianlong Emperor sponsored biographies which depicted Chinese Bannermen who defected from the Ming to the Qing as traitors and glorifying Ming loyalists.
51.
The Qianlong Emperor referred to all Bannermen as Manchu, and Qing laws did not say "Manchu", but "Bannermen".
52.
The Solons were ordered by the Qianlong Emperor to stop using rifles and instead practice traditional archery.
53.
The Qianlong Emperor rejected the views of Han officials who said Xinjiang was not part of China and that he should not conquer it, putting forth the view that China was multiethnic and did not just refer to Han.
54.
The Qianlong Emperor compared his achievements with that of the Han and Tang ventures into Central Asia.
55.
The Qianlong Emperor allowed Han peasants suffering from drought to move into Manchuria despite him issuing edicts in favor of banning them from 1740 to 1776.
56.
Qianlong Emperor gave Macartney a letter for the British king stating the reasons that he would not grant Macartney's requests:.
57.
The Qianlong Emperor anticipated moving out of the Hall of Mental Cultivation in the Forbidden City.
58.
The Qianlong Emperor relinquished the throne at the age of 85, after almost 61 years on the throne, to his son, the 36-year-old Jiaqing Emperor, in 1796.
59.
Qianlong Emperor never moved into his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden and died in 1799.
60.
Qianlong Emperor frequently issued imperial edicts to waive off taxes from Haining County.
61.
Second, the Yongzheng Qianlong Emperor had three other princes who survived to adulthood and had the potential to ascend the throne.