79 Facts About Reza Shah

Reza Shah Pahlavi was shah of Iran from 1925 to 1941 and founder of the Pahlavi dynasty.

Reza Shah's reign ended when he was forced to abdicate after the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in 1941.

Reza Shah was succeeded by his eldest son, Mohammad Reza Shah.

At the age of 14, Reza Shah joined the Persian Cossack Brigade.

Reza Shah rose through the ranks, becoming a brigadier general by 1921.

Reza Shah forced the dissolution of the government and installed Zia ol Din Tabatabaee as the new prime minister.

In 1925, Reza Shah Pahlavi was appointed as the legal monarch of Iran by the decision of Iran's constituent assembly.

Reza Shah founded the Pahlavi dynasty that lasted until it was overthrown in 1979 by the Iranian Revolution.

Reza Shah's defenders say that he was an essential reunifying and modernising force for Iran, while his detractors assert that his reign was often despotic, with his failure to modernise Iran's large peasant population eventually sowing the seeds for the Iranian Revolution nearly four decades later, which ended over 2,500 years of Iranian monarchy.

Reza Shah Pahlavi was born on 15 March 1878 in the town of Alasht in Savadkuh County, Mazandaran province, to Major Abbas-Ali Khan and his wife Noush-Afarin.

Reza Shah's mother, Nush Afarin Ayromlu, was an immigrant from Georgia or Iravan, whose family had emigrated to Qajar Iran when it was forced to cede all of its territories in the Caucasus following the Russo-Persian Wars several decades prior to Reza Shah's birth.

Reza Shah's father was a Mazanderani, a member of the Palani clan, who was commissioned in the 7th Savadkuh Regiment, and served in the Second Herat War of 1856.

Abbas-Ali died suddenly on 26 November 1878, when Reza Shah was 8 months old.

Reza Shah remarried in 1879 and left Reza to the care of his uncle.

When Reza Shah was sixteen years old, he joined the Persian Cossack Brigade.

Farman Farma noted that Reza Shah had potential and sent him to military school where he gained the rank of gunnery sergeant.

The Soviets extracted ever more humiliating concessions from the Qajar government, whose ministers Ahmad Reza Shah was often unable to control.

The sound of the cannon fire reportedly terrified Ahmad Reza Shah Qajar, breaking his already wavering resolve to resist.

Reza Shah retreated to the Farahabad Palace, where he ultimately surrendered to Reza Khan.

Reza Shah forced the dissolution of the previous government and demanded that Zia ol Din Tabatabaee be appointed prime minister.

Reza Shah took the title Sardar Sepah, or Commander-in-Chief of the Army, by which he was known until he became Shah.

On 8 June 1932, a British Embassy report states that the British were interested in helping Reza Shah create a centralizing power.

Reza Shah Khan spent the rest of 1921 securing Iran's interior, responding to a number of revolts that erupted against the new government.

Zia ol Din Tabatabaee wrongly calculated that when Reza Shah Khan was appointed as the minister of war, he would relinquish his post as the head of the Persian Cossack Brigade, and that Reza Shah Khan would wear civilian clothing instead of the military attire.

Reza Shah quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.

Reza Shah's coronation took place much later, on 25 April 1926.

Reza Shah is said to have preferred punishment to reward in dealing with subordinates or citizens.

Reza Shah's reign has been said to have consisted of "two distinct periods".

Reza Shah founded 100,000-man army, 90,000-man civil service.

Reza Shah confiscated land and real estate from the wealthy shrine endowments at Mashhad and Qom, etc.

In Mashhad, the revenues of the sanctuary of Imam Reza Shah helped finance secular education, build a modern hospital, improve the water supply of the city, and underwrite industrial enterprises.

When Reza Shah Khan ascended the throne in 1925, his court minister, Teymourtash, suggested ending the French monopoly on excavation granted by Qajar government and appointing a Frenchman as the director of a new archaeological institute.

Reza Shah was the first Iranian Monarch in 1400 years who paid respect to the Jews by praying in the synagogue when visiting the Jewish community of Isfahan; an act that boosted the self-esteem of the Iranian Jews and made Reza Shah their second most respected Iranian leader after Cyrus the Great.

Reza Shah's reforms opened new occupations to Jews and allowed them to leave the ghetto.

Reza Shah forbade photographing aspects of Iran he considered backwards such as camels, and he banned clerical dress and chadors in favor of Western dress.

Reza Shah discredited and eliminated a number of his ministers.

Reza Shah was removed as the minister of court in 1932 and died under suspicious circumstances while in prison in September 1933.

Reza Shah immediately tasked Hekmat with establishing one, allocating a budget of 250,000 Toman.

Before, Reza Shah had ordered ten students annually to study in Europe and the United States.

Reza Shah advised against sending more students abroad, suggesting the establishment of a university in Tehran instead.

In 1935, Reza Shah asked foreign delegates and League of Nations to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, used by its native people, in formal correspondence.

On his abdication Reza Shah "left to his heir a bank account of some three million pounds sterling and estates totaling over 3 million acres".

Reza Shah announced that female teachers could no longer come to school with head coverings.

Esmail Meraat, the Minister of Culture, converted the Marvi Madrasa into a new art college in Tehran, where Andre Godard and Maxime Siroux were among the teachers; however, the second Pahlavi king, Mohammad Reza Shah, later relocated the art college to the basement of the faculty of engineering at the University of Tehran, returning the madrasa to the clerics.

Reza Shah restricted public mourning observances to one day, banned self-flagellation during Ashura, and required mosques to use chairs instead of the traditional sitting on the floors of mosques.

The Reza Shah intensified his controversial changes following the incident with the Kashf-e hijab decree, banning the chador and ordering all citizens, rich and poor, to bring their wives to public functions without head coverings.

Reza Shah worked to balance British influence with other foreigners and generally to diminish foreign influence in Iran.

In 1931, Reza Shah refused to allow Imperial Airways to fly in Persian airspace, instead giving the concession to German-owned Lufthansa Airlines.

Reza Shah previously hired American consultants to develop and implement Western-style financial and administrative systems.

Reza Shah purchased ships from Italy and hired Italians to teach his troops the intricacies of naval warfare.

Reza Shah imported hundreds of German technicians and advisors for various projects.

Mindful of Persia's long period of subservience to British and Russian authority, Reza Shah was careful to avoid giving any one foreign nation too much control.

Reza Shah insisted that foreign advisors be employed by the Persian government, so that they would not be answerable to foreign powers.

Reza Shah eventually fired Millspaugh, and prohibited foreigners from administering schools, owning land or traveling in the provinces without police permission.

Not all observers agree that the Reza Shah minimized foreign influence.

On 21 March 1935, Reza Shah issued a decree asking foreign delegates to use the term Iran in formal correspondence, as Persia is a term used for a country identified as Iran in the Persian language.

Tired of the opportunistic policies of both Britain and the Soviet Union, the Reza Shah circumscribed contacts with foreign embassies.

In 1932, the Reza Shah cancelled the agreement under which the Anglo-Persian Oil Company produced and exported Iran's oil.

Reza Shah then was banished into exile while Iran would remain under Allied occupation until 1946.

Reza Shah knew that the system of the constitutional monarchy in Iran after him had to stand on a solid basis of the collective participation of all Iranians, and that it was indispensable to create educational centers all over Iran.

Reza Shah attempted to forge a regional alliance with Iran's Middle Eastern neighbors, particularly Turkey.

Reza Shah treated the urban middle class, the managers, and technocrats with an iron fist; as a result his state-owned industries remained underproductive and inefficient.

Reza Shah confiscated land from the Qajars and from his rivals and into his own estates.

The collapse of the army that Reza Shah had spent so much time and effort creating was humiliating.

The Reza Shah ordered pro-British Prime Minister Ali Mansur, whom he blamed for demoralising the military, to resign, replacing him with former prime minister Mohammad Ali Foroughi.

Foroughi was disobliged towards Reza Shah, having been previously forced into retirement years earlier for political reasons with his daughter's father in-law being executed by firing squad.

Reza Shah stalled on the last demand, choosing instead to secretly evacuate German nationals from the country.

The British wanted to restore the Qajar dynasty to power, but the heir to Ahmad Reza Shah Qajar since that last Qajar Reza Shah's death in 1930, Hamid Hassan Mirza, was a British subject who spoke no Persian.

Reza Shah further refused the Allies' requests to expel German nationals residing in Iran and denied the use of the railway to the Allies.

Reza Shah was forced by the invading British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi who replaced his father as Shah on the throne on 16 September 1941.

Reza Shah abdicated and the British forces quickly took him and his children to Mauritius, where he lived at Chateau Val Ory on Bois-Cheri Road in the village of Moka.

Reza Shah lived on a diet of plain rice and boiled chicken in the last years of his life.

In 2018, a mummified body believed to be Reza Shah's was found in the vicinity of his former mausoleum site in Tehran.

An official said that the body belonged to Reza Shah and was buried in the same area.

Reza Shah married, for the first time, Maryam Savadkoohi, who was his cousin, in 1895.

The couple married in 1916 and when Reza Shah Khan became king, Queen Tadj ol-Molouk was his official wife.

The third wife of Reza Shah was Turan Amirsoleimani, who was from the Qajar dynasty.

Reza Shah's fourth and last wife, Esmat Dowlatshahi, was a member of the Qajar dynasty.

Reza Shah married Reza Shah in 1923 and accompanied him to his exile.