19 Facts About RNA vaccine

An mRNA vaccine is a type of vaccine that uses a copy of a molecule called messenger RNA to produce an immune response.

The vaccine delivers molecules of antigen-encoding mRNA into immune cells, which use the designed mRNA as a blueprint to build foreign protein that would normally be produced by a pathogen or by a cancer cell.

The following year self-amplifying mRNA vaccine was developed by including both a viral antigen and replicase encoding gene.

Clinical trial results of an mRNA vaccine directly injected into the body against cancer cells were reported in 2008.

Goal of a RNA vaccine is to stimulate the adaptive immune system to create antibodies that precisely target that particular pathogen.

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The mRNA vaccine fragments are translated in the cytoplasm and do not affect the body's genomic DNA, located separately in the cell nucleus.

Efficacy of the vaccine is dependent on the stability and structure of the designed mRNA.

In vitro transcribed mRNA vaccine has the same structural components as natural mRNA vaccine in eukaryotic cells.

MRNA vaccine can be improved by using synthetic 5'-cap analogues which enhance the stability and increase protein translation.

Dendritic cells can be collected from patients and programmed with the desired mRNA vaccine, then administered back into patients to create an immune response.

Simplest way that ex vivo dendritic cells take up mRNA vaccine molecules is through endocytosis, a fairly inefficient pathway in the laboratory setting that can be significantly improved through electroporation.

Since the discovery that the direct administration of in vitro transcribed mRNA vaccine leads to the expression of antigens in the body, in vivo approaches have been investigated.

Different routes of injection, such as into the skin, blood, or muscles, result in varying levels of mRNA vaccine uptake, making the choice of administration route a critical aspect of in vivo delivery.

Typical RNA vaccine viruses used as vectors include retroviruses, lentiviruses, alphaviruses and rhabdoviruses, each of which can differ in structure and function.

The mRNA vaccine is translated in the cytosol, so there is no need for the RNA vaccine to enter the cell nucleus, and the risk of being integrated into the host genome is averted.

The open reading frame and untranslated regions of mRNA vaccine can be optimized for different purposes, for example through enriching the guanine-cytosine content or choosing specific UTRs known to increase translation.

Retrovirus can be single-stranded RNA which enters the cell nucleus and uses reverse transcriptase to make DNA from the RNA in the cell nucleus.

Once inside the nucleus, creation of DNA from RNA vaccine cannot occur without a primer, which accompanies a retrovirus, but which would not exist for other mRNA vaccine if placed in the nucleus.

Non-amplifying mRNA vaccine has only one open reading frame that codes for the antigen of interest.