1. Solomon Abramovich Lozovsky was a prominent Communist and Bolshevik revolutionary, a high-ranking official in the Soviet government, including as a Presidium member of the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions, a Central Committee member of the Communist Party, a member of the Supreme Soviet, a deputy people's commissar for foreign affairs and the head of the Soviet Information Bureau.
Solomon Lozovsky was the chair of the department of International Relations at the Higher Party School.
Solomon Lozovsky was the last and oldest Old Bolshevik to be murdered on Stalin's orders.
Solomon Lozovsky moved to Saint Petersburg in August 1903, but was arrested soon after his arrival, and held in prison without trial for a year, before being exiled to Kazan.
Solomon Lozovsky was arrested in October 1905 for taking part in a raid on Kazan police station, released after three weeks, re-arrested in Saint Petersburg in December, then arrested twice in quick succession after escaping to Kharkov.
Solomon Lozovsky was in prison from July 1906 to May 1908, but escaped during deportation to Irkutsk.
Solomon Lozovsky spent the period from 1908 to 1917 in Paris, where at different times he ran an employment bureau for Russian emigres, an adult school for electricians, a bakers' co-operative, and a garage.
Solomon Lozovsky rejoined the Bolsheviks in June 1917, after his return to Russia.
Solomon Lozovsky wanted the Bolsheviks to form a coalition with other socialist parties, and protested at the dissolution of the Russian Constituent Assembly and, later, against the decision to sign a peace treaty with Germany.
Solomon Lozovsky was removed from the central council of trade unions, but taken on as secretary of the textile workers' union.
Solomon Lozovsky joined and led the tiny International Social Democratic Party.
Solomon Lozovsky rejoined the Bolshevik Party in December 1919, and never publicly questioned the party line again.
Solomon Lozovsky held ex officio positions on the Central Council of the Soviet trade unions and in the executive of the Comintern.
When Mikhail Tomsky and other union leaders came out in opposition to the forced industrialisation drive inaugurated by Josif Stalin, Solomon Lozovsky was the only member of the council to support Stalin uncritically.
Solomon Lozovsky was equally loyal to the party line after the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, at a time when the communists were denouncing the social democrats as "social fascists".
The Profintern was wound up in 1937, when the communist policy changed to advocating a united front against fascism, and Solomon Lozovsky was appointed Deputy People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs, tasked with handling the Far East and Scandinavia.
Solomon Lozovsky advised that the best location would be Crimea, and helped Mikhoels draft a written appeal to the Kremlin in February 1944.
Solomon Lozovsky was arrested on 26 January 1949, and tortured.
Solomon Lozovsky was executed on 12 August 1952, together with thirteen other members of Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, in an event known as the Night of the Murdered Poets.