31 Facts About Synthetic cannabinoids

Synthetic cannabinoids are a class of designer drug molecules that bind to the same receptors to which cannabinoids in cannabis plants attach.

Typically, synthetic cannabinoids are sprayed onto plant matter and are usually smoked, although they have been ingested as a concentrated liquid form in the US and UK since 2016.

Synthetic cannabinoids appear in many CBD brands in products such as gummy-bears, and vape-cartridges.

Some synthetic cannabinoids products have been found to contain synthetic opioids.

Many of the early synthetic cannabinoids that were synthesized for use in research were named after either the scientist who first synthesized them or the institution or company where they originated.

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Some of the names of synthetic cannabinoids synthesized for recreational use were given names to help market the products.

Now many synthetic cannabinoids are assigned names derived from their four main structural components, core, tail, linker, and linked group, where the name is formatted as LinkedGroup-TailCoreLinker.

Use of the term "synthetic marijuana" to describe products containing synthetic cannabinoids is controversial and, according to Lewis Nelson, a medical toxicologist at the NYU School of Medicine, a mistake.

Nelson claims that relative to marijuana, products containing synthetic cannabinoids "are really quite different, and the effects are much more unpredictable.

Synthetic cannabinoids were made for cannabinoid research focusing on tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabinoid receptors, and the endocannabinoids that activate them in the body.

Synthetic cannabinoids were needed partly due to legal restrictions on natural cannabinoids, which make them difficult to obtain for research.

Synthetic cannabinoids have been used recreationally because they are inexpensive and are typically not revealed by the standard marijuana drug tests.

These are achieved at lower doses, because many synthetic cannabinoids are more potent than marijuana, and users are often unaware of exactly what they are getting and how potent it is.

Many of the synthetic cannabinoids are full agonists of the cannabinoids receptors, CB1 and CB2, compared to THC, which is only a partial agonist.

In contrast to most other recreational drugs, the dramatic psychotic state induced by use of synthetic cannabinoids has been reported, in multiple cases, to persist for several weeks, and in one case for seven months, after complete cessation of drug use.

Some studies suggest that not only can synthetic cannabinoids induce psychosis, but they can worsen previously stable psychotic disorders and might trigger a chronic psychotic disorder among vulnerable individuals such as those with a family history of mental illness.

Classical Synthetic cannabinoids are analogs of THC that are based on a dibenzopyran ring.

Classical cannabinoids include nabilone and dronabinol, and one of the best known synthetic classical cannabinoids is HU-210.

Non-classical Synthetic cannabinoids include cyclohexylphenols, which were first synthesized in the late 1970s to 1980s by Pfizer as potential analgesics.

Hybrid Synthetic cannabinoids have a combination of classical and non-classical cannabinoid structural features.

Aminoalkylindoles are considered to be the most common synthetic cannabinoids found in synthetic cannabinoid blends, likely due to the fact that these molecules are easier to synthesize than classical and non-classical cannabinoids.

Eicosanoid synthetic cannabinoids are analogs of endocannabinoids, such as anandamide.

Synthetic cannabinoids that have emerged recently have even greater structural diversity, possibly to subvert legal regulations on earlier generations of synthetic cannabinoids.

PB-22 and 5F-PB-22 were the first synthetic cannabinoids to include a quinoline substructure and an ester linkage.

Also, most synthetic cannabinoids are agonists of both cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2, like THC; however, they often have greater binding affinity and therefore greater potency than THC, as seen in table two.

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Also, due to their high potency, a very small dose of synthetic cannabinoids is used; moreover, synthetic cannabinoids are highly metabolized by the body, so the window to detect the parent drug in blood and oral fluid is very small.

Synthetic cannabinoids have been speculated to be involved in vaping-associated pulmonary injury.

On January 14, 2010, the Russian government issued a statement including 23 synthetic cannabinoids found in smoking blends Hawaiian Rose and Blue Lotus on the list of prohibited narcotic and psychotropic substances.

Until 2016, synthetic cannabinoids were legally sold in head shops, although the exact compounds available changed over time based on the legislation.

On June 17, 2011, the Western Australian government banned all of the synthetic cannabinoids found in already existing products, including brands such as Kronic, Kalma, Voodoo, Kaos, and Mango Kush.

Synthetic cannabinoids and related products remain illegal in NSW, where a bill was passed on September 18, 2013, that bans entire families of synthetic drugs instead of only banning existing compounds that have been identified.