Thamud were an ancient Arabian tribe or tribal confederation that occupied the northwestern Arabian peninsula between the late-eighth century BCE, when they are attested in Assyrian sources, and the fifth century CE, when they served as Roman auxiliaries.
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The Kingdom of Thamud was the first existing kingdom on the Arabian peninsula, according to Assyrian and Roman sources.
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The Thamud are mentioned in contemporary Mesopotamian, Classical, and Arabian sources, including in inscriptions in a temple erected in the 160s for the god ?lh?, by the Thamud themselves.
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The Thamud joined the Roman armies as auxiliaries, and the Notitia Dignitatum mentions two units of Thamud warriors serving the Roman Empire, one in Egypt and the other in Palestine.
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Thamud are infrequently mentioned in contemporary indigenous Arabian sources, although two Safaitic inscriptions carved some time between the first century BCE and the fourth century CE refer to "the year of the war between Gsm and the tribe of Thamud [snt hrb gsm ?l tmd]".
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The means of God's destruction of Thamud include a thunderbolt, a storm, a shout, and an earthquake.
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The account presented in Surah an-Naml mentions nine evil people of Thamud who are immediately responsible for God's punishment of their people in a narrative reminiscent of Jewish descriptions of the demise of Sodom.
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Accordingly, the Thamud were a powerful and idolatrous tribe living in Hegra, now called Mada'in Salih, the Cities of Salih—in northwestern Arabia.
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When Salih began to preach monotheism, the Thamud demanded that he prove his prophethood by bringing forth a pregnant camel from solid rock.
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