152 Facts About Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist who is best known for developing the theory of relativity.

Albert Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for.

Albert Einstein acquired Swiss citizenship a year later, which he kept for the rest of his life, and afterwards secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern.

In 1933, while Albert Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany.

In 1917, Albert Einstein wrote a paper which introduced the concepts of spontaneous emission and stimulated emission, the latter of which is the core mechanism behind the laser and maser, and which contained a trove of information that would be beneficial to developments in physics later on, such as quantum electrodynamics and quantum optics.

For much of the last phase of his academic life, Albert Einstein worked on two endeavors that ultimately proved unsuccessful.

Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Wurttemberg in the German Empire, on 14 March 1879.

Albert Einstein often related a formative event from his youth, when he was sick in bed and his father brought him a compass.

Albert Einstein attended St Peter's Catholic elementary school in Munich from the age of five.

The Albert Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and a few months later to Pavia, where they settled in Palazzo Cornazzani.

Albert Einstein's father wanted him to study electrical engineering, but he was a fractious pupil who found the Gymnasium's regimen and teaching methods far from congenial.

Albert Einstein later wrote that the school's policy of strict rote learning was harmful to creativity.

Albert Einstein excelled at physics and mathematics from an early age, and soon acquired the mathematical expertise normally only found in a child several years his senior.

Albert Einstein began teaching himself algebra, calculus and Euclidean geometry when he was twelve; he made such rapid progress that he discovered an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem before his thirteenth birthday.

Albert Einstein recorded that he had "mastered integral and differential calculus" while still just fourteen.

In 1895, at the age of sixteen, Albert Einstein sat the entrance examination for the federal polytechnic school in Zurich, Switzerland.

Albert Einstein failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the test, but performed with distinction in physics and mathematics.

In January 1896, with his father's approval, Albert Einstein renounced his citizenship of the German Kingdom of Wurttemberg in order to avoid conscription into military service.

The five other polytechnic school freshmen following the same course as Albert Einstein included just one woman, a twenty year old Serbian, Mileva Maric.

In May 1904, their son Hans Albert Einstein was born in Bern, Switzerland.

In 1912, Albert Einstein entered into a relationship with Elsa Lowenthal, who was both his first cousin on his mother's side and his second cousin on his father's.

Albert Einstein spent the remainder of his life either in the care of his mother or in temporary confinement in an asylum.

Albert Einstein graduated from the federal polytechnic school in 1900, duly certified as competent to teach mathematics and physics.

Albert Einstein found that Swiss schools too appeared to have no use for him, failing to offer him a teaching position despite the almost two years that he spent applying for one.

Albert Einstein's employers were pleased enough with his work to make his position permanent in 1903, although they did not think that he should be promoted until he had "fully mastered machine technology".

Albert Einstein arrived at his revolutionary ideas about space, time and light through thought experiments about the transmission of signals and the synchronization of clocks, matters which figured in some of the inventions submitted to him for assessment.

Albert Einstein's teaching activities there centered on thermodynamics and analytical mechanics, and his research interests included the molecular theory of heat, continuum mechanics and the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation.

Albert Einstein duly joined the Academy on 24 July 1913, and moved into an apartment in the Berlin district of Dahlem on 1 April 1914.

Albert Einstein was installed in his Humboldt University position shortly thereafter.

Albert Einstein was elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1920, and a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1921.

That same year, Albert Einstein was elected an International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

Albert Einstein was elected an International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1930.

In 1907, Albert Einstein reached a milestone on his long journey from his special theory of relativity to a new idea of gravitation with the formulation of his equivalence principle, which asserts that an observer in a box falling freely in a gravitational field would be unable to find any evidence that the field exists.

Albert Einstein reworked his calculation in 1913, having now found a way to model gravitation with the Riemann curvature tensor of a non-Euclidean four-dimensional spacetime.

Albert Einstein began his new life as an intellectual icon in America, where he arrived on 2 April 1921.

Albert Einstein spoke several times at Columbia University and Princeton, and in Washington, he visited the White House with representatives of the National Academy of Sciences.

Albert Einstein returned to Europe via London, where he was the guest of the philosopher and statesman Viscount Haldane.

Albert Einstein used his time in the British capital to meet several people prominent in British scientific, political or intellectual life, and to deliver a lecture at King's College.

Albert Einstein wrote of his transatlantic hosts in highly approving terms: What strikes a visitor is the joyous, positive attitude to life.

In 1922, Albert Einstein's travels were to the old world rather than the new.

Albert Einstein devoted six months to a tour of Asia that saw him speaking in Japan, Singapore and Sri Lanka.

From 1922 until 1932, with the exception of a few months in 1923 and 1924, Albert Einstein was a member of the Geneva-based International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations, a group set up by the League to encourage scientists, artists, scholars, teachers and other people engaged in the life of the mind to work more closely with their counterparts in other countries.

Albert Einstein was appointed as a German delegate rather than as a representative of Switzerland because of the machinations of two Catholic activists, Oskar Halecki and Giuseppe Motta.

In December 1930, Albert Einstein began another significant sojourn in the United States, drawn back to the US by the offer of a two month research fellowship at the California Institute of Technology.

Albert Einstein's friendship with Millikan was awkward, as Millikan had a penchant for patriotic militarism, where Einstein was a pronounced pacifist.

Walter Isaacson, Albert Einstein's biographer, described this as one of the most memorable scenes in the new era of celebrity.

In February 1933, while on a visit to the United States, Albert Einstein knew he could not return to Germany with the rise to power of the Nazis under Germany's new chancellor, Adolf Hitler.

Albert Einstein was now without a permanent home, unsure where he would live and work, and equally worried about the fate of countless other scientists still in Germany.

Albert Einstein rented a house in De Haan, Belgium, where he lived for a few months.

Locker-Lampson took Albert Einstein to meet Winston Churchill at his home, and later, Austen Chamberlain and former Prime Minister Lloyd George.

Albert Einstein asked them to help bring Jewish scientists out of Germany.

Albert Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, Ismet Inonu, to whom he wrote in September 1933, requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists.

Albert Einstein had offers from several European universities, including Christ Church, Oxford, where he stayed for three short periods between May 1931 and June 1933 and was offered a five-year research fellowship, but in 1935, he arrived at the decision to remain permanently in the United States and apply for citizenship.

Albert Einstein was one of the four first selected at the new Institute.

Albert Einstein soon developed a close friendship with Godel; the two would take long walks together discussing their work.

Albert Einstein lived in Princeton at his home from 1935 onwards.

The Albert Einstein House was made a National Historic Landmark in 1976.

Albert Einstein was asked to lend his support by writing a letter, with Szilard, to President Roosevelt, recommending the US pay attention and engage in its own nuclear weapons research.

In 1960 Albert Einstein was included posthumously as a charter member of the World Academy of Art and Science, an organization founded by distinguished scientists and intellectuals who committed themselves to the responsible and ethical advances of science, particularly in light of the development of nuclear weapons.

Albert Einstein recognized the "right of individuals to say and think what they pleased" without social barriers.

Albert Einstein joined the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People in Princeton, where he campaigned for the civil rights of African Americans.

Albert Einstein considered racism America's "worst disease", seeing it as handed down from one generation to the next.

In 1946, Albert Einstein visited Lincoln University in Pennsylvania, a historically black college, where he was awarded an honorary degree.

Albert Einstein gave a speech about racism in America, adding, I do not intend to be quiet about it.

Albert Einstein has said, Being a Jew myself, perhaps I can understand and empathize with how black people feel as victims of discrimination.

In 1918, Albert Einstein was one of the signatories of the founding proclamation of the German Democratic Party, a liberal party.

Albert Einstein later adopted a more moderated view, criticizing their methods but praising them, which is shown by his 1929 remark on Vladimir Lenin:.

Albert Einstein offered and was called on to give judgments and opinions on matters often unrelated to theoretical physics or mathematics.

Albert Einstein strongly advocated the idea of a democratic global government that would check the power of nation-states in the framework of a world federation.

Albert Einstein wrote I advocate world government because I am convinced that there is no other possible way of eliminating the most terrible danger in which man has ever found himself.

Albert Einstein was deeply impressed by Mahatma Gandhi, with whom he corresponded.

Albert Einstein described Gandhi as a role model for the generations to come.

Albert Einstein was a figurehead leader in the establishment of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, which opened in 1925.

Albert Einstein made suggestions for the creation of an Institute of Agriculture, a Chemical Institute and an Institute of Microbiology in order to fight the various ongoing epidemics such as malaria, which he called an "evil" that was undermining a third of the country's development.

Albert Einstein promoted the establishment of an Oriental Studies Institute, to include language courses given in both Hebrew and Arabic.

Albert Einstein was not a nationalist and opposed the creation of an independent Jewish state.

Albert Einstein felt that the waves of arriving Jews of the Aliyah could live alongside existing Arabs in Palestine.

The state of Israel was established without his help in 1948; Albert Einstein was limited to a marginal role in the Zionist movement.

Albert Einstein wrote that he was "deeply moved", but "at once saddened and ashamed" that he could not accept it.

Per Lee Smolin, I believe what allowed Albert Einstein to achieve so much was primarily a moral quality.

Albert Einstein simply cared far more than most of his colleagues that the laws of physics have to explain everything in nature coherently and consistently.

Albert Einstein expounded his spiritual outlook in a wide array of writings and interviews.

Albert Einstein said he had sympathy for the impersonal pantheistic God of Baruch Spinoza's philosophy.

Albert Einstein did not believe in a personal god who concerns himself with fates and actions of human beings, a view which he described as naive.

Albert Einstein clarified that I am not an atheist, preferring to call himself an agnostic, or a deeply religious nonbeliever.

Albert Einstein was primarily affiliated with non-religious humanist and Ethical Culture groups in both the UK and US.

Albert Einstein served on the advisory board of the First Humanist Society of New York, and was an honorary associate of the Rationalist Association, which publishes New Humanist in Britain.

Albert Einstein observed, Without 'ethical culture' there is no salvation for humanity.

Albert Einstein had been sympathetic toward vegetarianism for a long time.

Albert Einstein became a vegetarian himself only during the last part of his life.

Albert Einstein developed an appreciation for music at an early age.

Albert Einstein's mother played the piano reasonably well and wanted her son to learn the violin, not only to instill in him a love of music but to help him assimilate into German culture.

Albert Einstein said that love is a better teacher than a sense of duty.

Albert Einstein is sometimes erroneously credited as the editor of the 1937 edition of the Kochel catalog of Mozart's work; that edition was prepared by Alfred Einstein, who may have been a distant relation.

On 17 April 1955, Albert Einstein experienced internal bleeding caused by the rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which had previously been reinforced surgically by Rudolph Nissen in 1948.

Albert Einstein took the draft of a speech he was preparing for a television appearance commemorating the state of Israel's seventh anniversary with him to the hospital, but he did not live to complete it.

Albert Einstein refused surgery, saying, I want to go when I want.

Albert Einstein died in the Princeton Hospital early the next morning at the age of 76, having continued to work until near the end.

Albert Einstein's remains were cremated in Trenton, New Jersey, and his ashes were scattered at an undisclosed location.

Albert Einstein bequeathed his personal archives, library, and intellectual assets to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel.

Albert Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers and 150 non-scientific ones.

On 5 December 2014, universities and archives announced the release of Albert Einstein's papers, comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.

Albert Einstein returned to the problem of thermodynamic fluctuations, giving a treatment of the density variations in a fluid at its critical point.

Albert Einstein relates this to Rayleigh scattering, which is what happens when the fluctuation size is much smaller than the wavelength, and which explains why the sky is blue.

Albert Einstein quantitatively derived critical opalescence from a treatment of density fluctuations, and demonstrated how both the effect and Rayleigh scattering originate from the atomistic constitution of matter.

The Annus Mirabilis papers are four articles pertaining to the photoelectric effect, Brownian motion, the special theory of relativity, and E=mc that Albert Einstein published in the Annalen der Physik scientific journal in 1905.

Albert Einstein's "" was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year.

Albert Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms of kinematics.

Albert Einstein adopted Minkowski's formalism in his 1915 general theory of relativity.

In 1911, Albert Einstein published another article "On the Influence of Gravitation on the Propagation of Light" expanding on the 1907 article, in which he estimated the amount of deflection of light by massive bodies.

In 1916, Albert Einstein predicted gravitational waves, ripples in the curvature of spacetime which propagate as waves, traveling outward from the source, transporting energy as gravitational radiation.

Albert Einstein's prediction was confirmed on 11 February 2016, when researchers at LIGO published the first observation of gravitational waves, detected on Earth on 14 September 2015, nearly one hundred years after the prediction.

Albert Einstein formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible.

Albert Einstein gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be invariant under general linear transformations only.

In 1917, Albert Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to the structure of the universe as a whole.

Albert Einstein discovered that the general field equations predicted a universe that was dynamic, either contracting or expanding.

In each of these models, Albert Einstein discarded the cosmological constant, claiming that it was "in any case theoretically unsatisfactory".

In late 2013, a team led by the Irish physicist Cormac O'Raifeartaigh discovered evidence that, shortly after learning of Hubble's observations of the recession of the galaxies, Albert Einstein considered a steady-state model of the universe.

Albert Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates.

Albert Einstein maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field.

Albert Einstein regarded this as an "independent fundamental assumption" that had to be postulated in addition to the field equations in order to complete the theory.

Accordingly, Albert Einstein proposed that the field equations would determine the path of a singular solution, like a black hole, to be a geodesic.

Albert Einstein concluded that each wave of frequency f is associated with a collection of photons with energy hf each, where h is the Planck constant.

Albert Einstein did not say much more, because he was not sure how the particles were related to the wave.

In 1907, Albert Einstein proposed a model of matter where each atom in a lattice structure is an independent harmonic oscillator.

Albert Einstein was aware that getting the frequency of the actual oscillations would be difficult, but he nevertheless proposed this theory because it was a particularly clear demonstration that quantum mechanics could solve the specific heat problem in classical mechanics.

In 1924, Albert Einstein received a description of a statistical model from Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, based on a counting method that assumed that light could be understood as a gas of indistinguishable particles.

Albert Einstein noted that Bose's statistics applied to some atoms as well as to the proposed light particles, and submitted his translation of Bose's paper to the Zeitschrift fur Physik.

In "Uber die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen uber das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung", on the quantization of light, and in an earlier 1909 paper, Albert Einstein showed that Max Planck's energy quanta must have well-defined momenta and act in some respects as independent, point-like particles.

In 1917, at the height of his work on relativity, Albert Einstein published an article in Physikalische Zeitschrift that proposed the possibility of stimulated emission, the physical process that makes possible the maser and the laser.

Albert Einstein discovered Louis de Broglie's work and supported his ideas, which were received skeptically at first.

Albert Einstein played a major role in developing quantum theory, beginning with his 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect.

Albert Einstein was skeptical that the randomness of quantum mechanics was fundamental rather than the result of determinism, stating that God "is not playing at dice".

Albert Einstein suggested a thought experiment in which two objects are allowed to interact and then moved apart a great distance from each other.

Albert Einstein reasoned that no influence could propagate from the first object to the second instantaneously fast.

Albert Einstein deduced that if measurements are performed independently on the two separated particles of an entangled pair, then the assumption that the outcomes depend upon hidden variables within each half implies a mathematical constraint on how the outcomes on the two measurements are correlated.

Bell argued that because an explanation of quantum phenomena in terms of hidden variables would require nonlocality, the EPR paradox is resolved in the way which Albert Einstein would have liked least.

Albert Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas published two papers in 1915 claiming the first experimental observation of the effect.

Albert Einstein invented an electromagnetic pump, sound reproduction device, and several other household devices.

Margot Albert Einstein permitted the personal letters to be made available to the public, but requested that it not be done until twenty years after her death.

Barbara Wolff, of the Hebrew University's Albert Einstein Archives, told the BBC that there are about 3,500 pages of private correspondence written between 1912 and 1955.

In 1979, the Albert Einstein Memorial was unveiled outside the National Academy of Sciences building in Washington, DC for the Einstein centenary.

Albert Einstein can be seen holding a paper with three of his most important equations: for the photoelectric effect, general relativity and mass-energy equivalence.

In 1999, Albert Einstein was named Time's Person of the Century.

Physicist Lev Landau ranked physicists from 0 to 5 on a logarithmic scale of productivity and genius, with Newton and Albert Einstein belonging in a "super league", with Newton receiving the highest ranking of 0, followed by Albert Einstein with 0.5, while fathers of quantum mechanics such as Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac were ranked 1, with Landau himself a 2.

Physicist Eugene Wigner noted that while John von Neumann had the quickest and acute mind he ever knew, the understanding of Albert Einstein was deeper than von Neumann's, stating that:.

Albert Einstein's mind was both more penetrating and more original than von Neumann's.

Albert Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities after the confirmation of his general theory of relativity in 1919.

Albert Einstein has been the subject of or inspiration for many novels, films, plays, and works of music.

Albert Einstein is a favorite model for depictions of absent-minded professors; his expressive face and distinctive hairstyle have been widely copied and exaggerated.

Time magazine's Frederic Golden wrote that Albert Einstein was "a cartoonist's dream come true".

Albert Einstein received numerous awards and honors, and in 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.