24 Facts About Amphetamine

Amphetamine is a strong central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is used in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy, and obesity.

Amphetamine properly refers to a specific chemical, the racemic free base, which is equal parts of the two enantiomers in their pure amine forms.

Amphetamine is used as an athletic performance enhancer and cognitive enhancer, and recreationally as an aphrodisiac and euphoriant.

Amphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and obesity, and is sometimes prescribed for its past medical indications, particularly for depression and chronic pain.

Amphetamine is used by some athletes for its psychological and athletic performance-enhancing effects, such as increased endurance and alertness; however, non-medical amphetamine use is prohibited at sporting events that are regulated by collegiate, national, and international anti-doping agencies.

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Amphetamine improves endurance and reaction time primarily through reuptake inhibition and release of dopamine in the central nervous system.

Amphetamine has been shown to pass into breast milk, so the IPCS and the USFDA advise mothers to avoid breastfeeding when using it.

Amphetamine induces contraction in the urinary bladder sphincter, the muscle which controls urination, which can result in difficulty urinating.

Amphetamine has a slight analgesic effect and can enhance the pain relieving effects of opioids.

Amphetamine addiction is largely mediated through increased activation of dopamine receptors and NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens; magnesium ions inhibit NMDA receptors by blocking the receptor calcium channel.

Amphetamine has been identified as a potent full agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1, a and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, which is important for regulation of brain monoamines.

Amphetamine is known to strongly induce cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript gene expression, a neuropeptide involved in feeding behavior, stress, and reward, which induces observable increases in neuronal development and survival in vitro.

Amphetamine can enter the presynaptic neuron either through DAT or by diffusing across the neuronal membrane directly.

Amphetamine is a substrate for the presynaptic vesicular monoamine transporter, VMAT2.

Amphetamine affects serotonin via VMAT2 and, like norepinephrine, is thought to phosphorylate SERT via TAAR1.

Amphetamine induces the selective release of histamine from mast cells and efflux from histaminergic neurons through VMAT2.

Amphetamine is eliminated via the kidneys, with of the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH.

Amphetamine has a very similar structure and function to the endogenous trace amines, which are naturally occurring neuromodulator molecules produced in the human body and brain.

Amphetamine is a methyl homolog of the mammalian neurotransmitter phenethylamine with the chemical formula.

Amphetamine is the parent compound of its own structural class, which includes a number of psychoactive derivatives.

Amphetamine is frequently measured in urine or blood as part of a drug test for sports, employment, poisoning diagnostics, and forensics.

Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazar Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine; its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties.

Amphetamine had no medical use until late 1933, when Smith, Kline and French began selling it as an inhaler under the brand name Benzedrine as a decongestant.

Amphetamine is still illegally synthesized today in clandestine labs and sold on the black market, primarily in European countries.