28 Facts About Botulinum toxin

Botulinum toxin, often shortened to BoNT, is a neurotoxic protein produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum and related species.

The Botulinum toxin is used commercially for medical and cosmetic purposes.

Botulinum toxin is used to treat a number of disorders characterized by overactive muscle movement, including cerebral palsy, post-stroke spasticity, post-spinal cord injury spasticity, spasms of the head and neck, eyelid, vagina, limbs, jaw, and vocal cords.

Botulinum toxin appears to be effective for refractory overactive bladder.

Muscles weakened by Botulinum toxin injection recover from paralysis after several months, so injection might seem to need to be repeated, but muscles adapt to the lengths at which they are chronically held, so that if a paralyzed muscle is stretched by its antagonist, it grows longer, while the antagonist shortens, yielding a permanent effect.

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In January 2014, botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for treatment of restricted ankle motion due to lower-limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults.

In cosmetic applications, botulinum toxin is considered relatively safe and effective for reduction of facial wrinkles, especially in the uppermost third of the face.

Botulinum toxin is used to treat disorders of hyperactive nerves including excessive sweating, neuropathic pain, and some allergy symptoms.

Namely, the Botulinum toxin can spread to areas distant from the site of injection and paralyze unintended muscle groups, especially when used for treating muscle spasticity in children treated for cerebral palsy.

In 2009, the FDA announced that boxed warnings would be added to available botulinum toxin products, warning of their ability to spread from the injection site.

Botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum is the cause of botulism.

Humans most commonly ingest the toxin from eating improperly canned foods in which C botulinum has grown.

Botulinum toxin exerts its effect by cleaving key proteins required for nerve activation.

Seven Botulinum toxin serotypes are traditionally separated by their antigenicity.

Botulinum toxin concluded that the toxin develops in bad sausages under anaerobic conditions, is a biological substance, acts on the nervous system, and is lethal even in small amounts.

Botulinum toxin performed experiments on animals with ham extracts, isolated bacterial cultures, and toxins extracts from the bacteria.

Botulinum toxin injected the first strabismus patients in 1977, reported its clinical utility in 1980, and had soon trained hundreds of ophthalmologists in EMG-guided injection of the drug he named Oculinum .

Clark was aware that Botulinum toxin was safely being used to treat babies with strabismus and he requested and was granted FDA approval to experiment with Botulinum toxin to paralyze the moving and wrinkling normal functioning right forehead muscles to make both sides of the forehead appear the same.

Global market for botulinum toxin products, driven by their cosmetic applications, was forecast to reach $2.

Botulinum toxin has been recognized as a potential agent for use in bioterrorism.

The effects of botulinum toxin are different from those of nerve agents involved insofar in that botulism symptoms develop relatively slowly, while nerve agent effects are generally much more rapid.

Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo produced botulinum toxin and spread it as an aerosol in downtown Tokyo during the 1990s, but the attacks caused no fatalities.

Botulinum toxin A is sold under the brand names Jeuveau, Botox, and Xeomin.

The Botulinum toxin itself is rapidly destroyed by heat, such as in thorough cooking.

The spores that produce the Botulinum toxin are heat-tolerant and will survive boiling water for an extended period of time.

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Clark was aware that Botulinum toxin was safely being used to treat babies with strabismus and he requested and was granted FDA approval to experiment with Botulinum toxin to paralyze the moving and wrinkling normal functioning right forehead muscles to make both sides of the forehead appear the same.

In January 2014, Botulinum toxin was approved by UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for the treatment of ankle disability due to lower limb spasticity associated with stroke in adults.

The Botulinum toxin is injected into the head and neck to treat these chronic headaches.