66 Facts About Elisabeth Dmitrieff

Elisabeth Dmitrieff entered into a marriage of convenience with Mikhail Tomanovski, a colonel who had retired early due to illness, in order to access her inheritance, which she used to fund revolutionary causes such as the Russian-language journal Narodnoye delo.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff fell in love with the manager of her aging first husband's estate, Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovski, and had two children with him after she was widowed in 1873.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff married him to follow him into exile in Siberia.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff passed the last years of her life in obscurity, and the date of her death is uncertain.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff's father was Luka Ivanovich Kushelev a pomeshchik whose father, Ivan Ivanovich Kushelev, had been a senator under the reign of Paul I and active privy councillor under Alexander I Kushelev received the education of a young aristocrat and joined the Cadet Corps, participating in the Napoleonic Wars.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was the third of four surviving children of Kushelev and Troskevich: elder siblings Sophia and Alexander and a younger brother, Vladimir.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff converted to Russian Orthodoxy and adopted the name Natalia Yegorovna.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff's will granted them the status of "wards", permitting inheritance of his fortune but not his noble title.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff enjoyed privileges due to her father's position in the Russian aristocracy, but her combined status as both a bastard and a girl prevented her and her sister from enrolling in school, while their brothers faced no such impediment.

However, she was educated by private tutors, among whom were veterans of the revolutions of 1848 and composer Modest Mussorgsky, possibly a distant cousin of Elisabeth Dmitrieff, who came to Volok in 1862 to treat his depression and spent his time with fellow artists of The Five.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff read works in English, German, and French from her father's library, as well as magazines her mother subscribed to.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff's father possessed a library which gathered the new ideas of his time, and, paradoxically for an authoritarian man who was violent toward his serfs, he liked surrounding himself with people with progressive ideas.

In 1863, Mussorgsky joined a Saint Petersburg community frequented by the writer Turgenev, the poet Shevchenko, and the historian Kostomarov, and Elisabeth Dmitrieff's mother brought her there.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff drew close to student groups in favor of the emancipation of women and serfs.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was determined to build a bridge between Marx's economic theories and Chernyshevsky's ideas on the emancipatory capacity of the Russian village commune model.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff had seen first-hand her father's notorious cruelty toward his serfs, and the families of the estate, serfs and lords, lived close to each other and were familiar with each other's living conditions.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was determined to attend university, but women could not attend university at that time in Russia.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff eventually returned to Russia with her husband, then returned to Geneva in 1869 without him.

In that city, Elisabeth Dmitrieff met the French socialists Eugene Varlin and Benoit Malon, who, like her, would participate in the Paris Commune in 1871.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff financed and co-edited the Russian-language journal Narodnoye delo, which was founded in Geneva by Nikolai Utin and other exiled revolutionaries in 1868.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was equally involved in the "ladies' section", fighting for the emancipation of female workers.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff inspired him to dedicate his life to the revolution.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was the last arrival and the youngest of the group.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff wrote her a letter of introduction to Karl Marx:.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff arrived in London at the end of 1870 and quickly became a family friend, building ties with both Karl Marx and his daughters.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff sent him prints of the newspaper Narodnoye delo, which she had sent from Geneva.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff had an influence on the ideas of Marx, who started to envisage the possibility of alternative and plural paths to socialism, without passing by the stage of capitalist development.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff abandoned her married name, Tomanovskaya, and took the nom de guerre Dmitrieff, inspired by the patronym of her paternal grandmother, Dmitrievna.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff arrived in Paris on 28 or 29 March 1871, either the day of the official proclamation of the Commune or the day after.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff met with Russian socialist Pyotr Lavrov and sisters Sofya Kovalevskaya and Anne Jaclard, her neighbors in Saint Petersburg, who participated in the Commune.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff used her activist experience acquired during her trips to Switzerland and London to organize the Union.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff obtained funding from the Commune's executive committee, in exchange for close supervision of the Union.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff structured the organization in a hierarchical manner, with committees in each arrondissement, a central committee, an office, and an executive committee composed of seven members representing the districts.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff organized the work of women in workshops in the traditional sectors of the clothing and textile industries, assuring them outlets thanks to the support of the Commune's executive committee, which she reported to regularly.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff busied herself above all with political questions, especially the organization of cooperative workshops.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff partnered with Leo Frankel, an activist of Hungarian origin and a jewelry worker, who headed the Commune's Commission of Labor and Exchange.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff responded via a publication of the official newspaper that this ambulance group did not have the backing of the Union des femmes.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was less inclined to the "two spheres critique".

Elisabeth Dmitrieff took part in the street fights on the barricades in Faubourg Saint-Antoine, caring for the wounded, in particular Leo Frankel.

Jung had received a letter from the general secretary of the Federation romande of the International, Henri Perret, who told Jung that Elisabeth Dmitrieff would write to him soon, and that she was safe.

However, Elisabeth Dmitrieff would write neither to Marx nor Jung, possibly because she was resentful about how they did not come to Paris to support the Commune.

On 23 July 1871, Perret wrote to Jung that Elisabeth Dmitrieff was threatened with arrest.

Unlike Andre Leo and Paule Mink, Elisabeth Dmitrieff stayed discreet about her communard past.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff readopted her former name, Elisaveta Tomanovskaya, to complicate the police investigation.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff reunited with her family and attempted to recover her health.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was very discreet, as she was still being searched for by French, Russian, and Swiss authorities.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff returned to Saint Petersburg, where she did not find the same climate that had prevailed on Vasilyevsky Island when she was young.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff had difficulty reintegrating herself with the radical community in Russia.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was still involved with Narodnoye delo, but was dissatisfied with how feminism and education were sidelined in radical activism in the 1870s.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff reunited with Ekaterina Barteneva, another former communard, with whom she planned to join a Narodnik commune outside Moscow, but they ultimately decided against it.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff left Saint Petersburg and, in 1871, met Ivan Mikhailovich Davydovski, steward of her husband's estate and a friend of her older brother, Alexander.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff fell in love with him, and the first of their two daughters was born only a few weeks after the death of her first husband, Mikhail Nikolayevitch Tomanovski, of tuberculosis in 1873.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff then abandoned all subversive activity to concentrate on her daughters, Irina and Vera.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was charged with instigating and providing the weapon for the murder of Collegiate Councilor Sergei Slavyshensky, who was shot to death by his lover, Ekaterina Bashkirova, in December 1871.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was still being sought by the French police until the general amnesty of 1879, the news of which would never reach her.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff wrote to the authorities to request pardon for her husband, who launched himself into the mining industry and encountered new setbacks.

Chekhov telegraphed his wife Olga Knipper, and Elisabeth Dmitrieff left for Saint Petersburg without her daughters, passing by Omsk, Tomsk, and Novosibirsk.

On 21 September 1899, Olga Knipper wrote to her husband to confirm that Elisabeth Dmitrieff had arrived and was grateful for his help.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff saw Dmitrieff, then 52 years old, arriving for her mother's burial ceremony.

The history of the communards Paule Mink, Victoire Leodile Bera, and Elisabeth Dmitrieff is, according to Carolyn J Eichner, characteristic of the invisibility of revolutionary women.

Russian biographers that have studied Elisabeth Dmitrieff's life include Ivan Knizhnik-Vetrov, Nata Efremova and Nikolai Ivanov, and Lev Kokin.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff was rehabilitated and admitted to the Academy of Sciences in 1955, and finally published his work ten years later.

Elisabeth Dmitrieff wrote biographies for the magazine Soviet woman until 1991.

In Russia, Elisabeth Dmitrieff is a symbol of heroism and of the working class, considered by the encyclopedia as "one of the most brilliant women of the Russian revolutionary movement, and of the world".

Elisabeth Dmitrieff has been the subject of an issue of a comics series on the Commune, and a movement in a jazz production.

In Paris, a square, Place Elisabeth Dmitrieff, was named after her in 2007.