1. Karl Marx is best-known for the 1848 pamphlet The Communist Manifesto, and his three-volume, a critique of classical political economy which employs his theory of historical materialism in an analysis of capitalism, in the culmination of his life's work.
Karl Marx was expelled from Belgium and Germany, and in 1849 moved to London, where he wrote The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte and.
From 1864, Karl Marx was involved in the International Workingmen's Association, in which he fought the influence of anarchists led by Mikhail Bakunin.
Karl Marx died stateless in 1883 and was buried in Highgate Cemetery.
Karl Marx actively pressed for its implementation, arguing that the working class should carry out organised proletarian revolutionary action to topple capitalism and bring about socio-economic emancipation.
Karl Marx has been described as one of the most influential figures of the modern era, and his work has been both lauded and criticised.
Karl Marx was born on 5 May 1818 to Heinrich Marx and Henriette Pressburg, at Bruckengasse 664 in Trier, then part of the Kingdom of Prussia.
Karl Marx's family was originally non-religious Jewish but had converted formally to Christianity before his birth.
Karl Marx's maternal grandfather was a Dutch rabbi, while his paternal line had supplied Trier's rabbis since 1723, a role taken by his grandfather Meier Halevi Marx.
Karl Marx's father was the first in the line to receive a secular education.
Karl Marx became a lawyer with a comfortably upper middle class income and the family owned a number of Moselle vineyards, in addition to his income as an attorney.
In 1815, Heinrich Karl Marx began working as an attorney and in 1819 moved his family to a ten-room property near the Porta Nigra.
Karl Marx's wife, Henriette Pressburg, was a Dutch Jew from a prosperous business family that later founded the company Philips Electronics.
Karl Marx was privately educated by his father until 1830 when he entered Trier High School, whose headmaster, Hugo Wyttenbach, was a friend of his father.
In October 1835 at the age of 16, Karl Marx travelled to the University of Bonn wishing to study philosophy and literature, but his father insisted on law as a more practical field.
Karl Marx joined the Trier Tavern Club drinking society and at one point served as the club's co-president.
Karl Marx became engaged to Jenny von Westphalen, an educated member of the petty nobility who had known Marx since childhood.
In October 1836, Karl Marx arrived in Berlin, matriculating in the university's faculty of law and renting a room in the Mittelstrasse.
Karl Marx became interested in the recently deceased German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, whose ideas were then widely debated among European philosophical circles.
Karl Marx's father died in May 1838, resulting in a diminished income for the family.
Karl Marx had been emotionally close to his father and treasured his memory after his death.
Karl Marx soon abandoned fiction for other pursuits, including the study of English and Italian, art history and the translation of Latin classics.
Karl Marx began co-operating with Bruno Bauer on editing Hegel's Philosophy of Religion in 1840.
Karl Marx was engaged in writing his doctoral thesis, The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature, which he completed in 1841.
Karl Marx decided instead to submit his thesis to the more liberal University of Jena, whose faculty awarded him his Ph.
Karl Marx was considering an academic career, but this path was barred by the government's growing opposition to classical liberalism and the Young Hegelians.
Karl Marx moved to Cologne in 1842, where he became a journalist, writing for the radical newspaper, expressing his early views on socialism and his developing interest in economics.
Karl Marx criticised right-wing European governments as well as figures in the liberal and socialist movements, whom he thought ineffective or counter-productive.
The newspaper attracted the attention of the Prussian government censors, who checked every issue for seditious material before printing, which Karl Marx lamented: "Our newspaper has to be presented to the police to be sniffed at, and if the police nose smells anything un-Christian or un-Prussian, the newspaper is not allowed to appear".
In 1843, Karl Marx became co-editor of a new, radical left-wing Parisian newspaper, the, then being set up by the German activist Arnold Ruge to bring together German and French radicals.
Karl Marx contributed two essays to the paper, "Introduction to a Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right" and "On the Jewish Question", the latter introducing his belief that the proletariat were a revolutionary force and marking his embrace of communism.
Karl Marx attended some of their meetings but did not join.
In, Karl Marx refined his views on socialism based upon Hegelian and Feuerbachian ideas of dialectical materialism, at the same time criticising liberals and other socialists operating in Europe.
On 28 August 1844, Karl Marx met the German socialist Friedrich Engels at the Cafe de la Regence, beginning a lifelong friendship.
Still, Karl Marx was always drawn back to his studies where he sought "to understand the inner workings of capitalism".
The Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 had been written between April and August 1844, but soon Karl Marx recognised that the Manuscripts had been influenced by some inconsistent ideas of Ludwig Feuerbach.
Accordingly, Karl Marx recognised the need to break with Feuerbach's philosophy in favour of historical materialism, thus a year later after moving from Paris to Brussels, Karl Marx wrote his eleven "Theses on Feuerbach".
Unable either to stay in France or to move to Germany, Karl Marx decided to emigrate to Brussels in Belgium in February 1845.
Karl Marx used the trip as an opportunity to examine the economic resources available for study in various libraries in London and Manchester.
In collaboration with Engels, Karl Marx set about writing a book which is often seen as his best treatment of the concept of historical materialism, The German Ideology.
Karl Marx was supportive of such activity and having recently received a substantial inheritance from his father of either 6,000 or 5,000 francs he allegedly used a third of it to arm Belgian workers who were planning revolutionary action.
Temporarily settling down in Paris, Karl Marx transferred the Communist League executive headquarters to the city and set up a German Workers' Club with various German socialists living there.
Consequently, the was suppressed, and Karl Marx was ordered to leave the country on 16 May 1849.
Karl Marx returned to Paris, which was then under the grip of both a reactionary counterrevolution and a cholera epidemic, and was expelled by the city authorities, who considered him a political threat.
Karl Marx moved to London in early June 1849 and would remain based in the city for the rest of his life.
Karl Marx maintained that this would spell doom for the Communist League itself, arguing that changes in society are not achieved overnight through the efforts and will power of a handful of men.
Meanwhile, Karl Marx became heavily involved with the socialist German Workers' Educational Society.
In Prussia as editor of his own newspaper, and contributor to others ideologically aligned, Karl Marx could reach his audience, the working classes.
The Tribune was a vehicle for Karl Marx to reach a transatlantic public, such as for his "hidden warfare" against Henry Charles Carey.
Between December 1851 and March 1852, Karl Marx worked on his theoretical work about the French Revolution of 1848, titled The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Napoleon.
Karl Marx deemed it fanciful to propose that "will power" could be sufficient to create the revolutionary conditions when in reality the economic component was the necessary requisite.
Karl Marx continued to write articles for the New York Daily Tribune as long as he was sure that the Tribunes editorial policy was still progressive.
Karl Marx strongly disagreed with this new political position and in 1863 was forced to withdraw as a writer for the Tribune.
In 1864, Karl Marx became involved in the International Workingmen's Association, to whose General Council he was elected at its inception in 1864.
In that organisation, Karl Marx was involved in the struggle against the anarchist wing centred on Mikhail Bakunin.
In 1859, Karl Marx published A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy, his first serious critique of political economy.
Karl Marx proposes that the driving force of capital is in the exploitation of labour, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of surplus value.
Volumes II and III of remained mere manuscripts upon which Karl Marx continued to work for the rest of his life.
Karl Marx did manage to comment substantially on contemporary politics, particularly in Germany and Russia.
In one of the drafts of this letter, Karl Marx reveals his growing passion for anthropology, motivated by his belief that future communism would be a return on a higher level to the communism of our prehistoric past.
In 1962, there were allegations that Karl Marx fathered a son, Freddy, out of wedlock by his housekeeper, Helene Demuth, but the claim is disputed for lack of documented evidence.
Karl Marx frequently used pseudonyms, often when renting a house or flat, apparently to make it harder for the authorities to track him down.
Karl Marx drank heavily after joining the Trier Tavern Club drinking society in the 1830s, and continued to do so until his death.
Karl Marx was afflicted by poor health, what he himself described as "the wretchedness of existence", and various authors have sought to describe and explain it.
Karl Marx was fond of highly seasoned dishes, smoked fish, caviare, pickled cucumbers, "none of which are good for liver patients", but he liked wine and liqueurs and smoked an enormous amount "and since he had no money, it was usually bad-quality cigars".
From 1863, Karl Marx complained a lot about boils: "These are very frequent with liver patients and may be due to the same causes".
Karl Marx argued cuttingly, his biting satire did not shrink at insults, and his expressions could be rude and cruel.
In later life whilst working on, Karl Marx suffered from a trio of afflictions.
For Shuster, the most probable explanation was that Karl Marx suffered not from liver problems, but from hidradenitis suppurativa, a recurring infective condition arising from blockage of apocrine ducts opening into hair follicles.
Research from contemporary sources identifies thirteen named individuals attending the funeral: Friedrich Engels, Eleanor Karl Marx, Edward Aveling, Paul Lafargue, Charles Longuet, Helene Demuth, Wilhelm Liebknecht, Gottlieb Lemke, Frederick Lessner, G Lochner, Sir Ray Lankester, Carl Schorlemmer and Ernest Radford.
Karl Marx's surviving daughters Eleanor and Laura, as well as Charles Longuet and Paul Lafargue, Karl Marx's two French socialist sons-in-law, were in attendance.
Karl Marx had been predeceased by his wife and his eldest daughter, the latter dying a few months earlier in January 1883.
Karl Marx's thought demonstrates influence from many sources, including but not limited to:.
However, whereas Hegel had thought in idealist terms, putting ideas in the forefront, Karl Marx sought to conceptualise dialectics in materialist terms, arguing for the primacy of matter over idea.
Where Hegel saw the "spirit" as driving history, Karl Marx saw this as an unnecessary mystification, obscuring the reality of humanity and its physical actions shaping the world.
Karl Marx wrote that Hegelianism stood the movement of reality on its head, and that one needed to set it upon its feet.
Karl Marx believed that he could study history and society scientifically, discerning tendencies of history and thereby predicting the outcome of social conflicts.
Some followers of Karl Marx, therefore, concluded that a communist revolution would inevitably occur.
However, Karl Marx famously asserted in the eleventh of his "Theses on Feuerbach" that "philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point however is to change it" and he clearly dedicated himself to trying to alter the world.
Karl Marx's theories inspired several theories and disciplines of future, including but not limited to:.
Karl Marx has been called "the first great user of critical method in social sciences", a characterisation stemming from his frequent use of polemics throughout his work to effect critiques of other thinkers.
Fundamentally, Karl Marx assumed that human history involves transforming human nature, which encompasses both human beings and material objects.
Karl Marx further argues that by moulding nature in desired ways the subject takes the object as its own and thus permits the individual to be actualised as fully human.
Karl Marx acknowledges that Hegel "grasps the nature of work and comprehends objective man, authentic because actual, as the result of his own work", but characterises Hegelian self-development as unduly "spiritual" and abstract.
Karl Marx thus departs from Hegel by insisting that "the fact that man is a corporeal, actual, sentient, objective being with natural capacities means that he has actual, sensuous objects for his nature as objects of his life-expression, or that he can only express his life in actual sensuous objects".
Karl Marx had a special concern with how people relate to their own labour power.
Karl Marx wrote extensively about this in terms of the problem of alienation.
Karl Marx described this loss as commodity fetishism, in which the things that people produce, commodities, appear to have a life and movement of their own to which humans and their behaviour merely adapt.
Karl Marx was an outspoken opponent of child labour, saying that British industries "could but live by sucking blood, and children's blood too", and that US capital was financed by the "capitalized blood of children".
Karl Marx agreed with Feuerbach that religion is a human construct reflecting human conditions, but analysed this in historical, not abstract terms.
Karl Marx saw religion as both an expression of suffering and a protest against it.
Similar to the later views of Max Weber, Karl Marx believed that religion plays a legitimating function for the dominant classes by providing a divine sanction for inequality and existing social conditions, and that for subordinate classes religion offers an escape: like an opiate, alleviating pain but not offering a cure.
Karl Marx hears that the means of production are to be exploited in common, and, naturally, can come to no other conclusion than that the lot of being common to all will likewise fall to the women.
Karl Marx has not even a suspicion that the real point aimed at is to do away with the status of women as mere mean of production.
Karl Marx noted that this was not an intentional process, but rather due to the immanent logic of the current mode of production which demands more human labour to reproduce the social relationships of capital.
Together, these compose the mode of production and Karl Marx distinguished historical eras in terms of modes of production.
Karl Marx differentiated between base and superstructure, where the base is the economic system and superstructure is the cultural and political system.
Karl Marx regarded this mismatch between economic base and social superstructure as a major source of social conflict.
Karl Marx considered the capitalist class to be one of the most revolutionary in history because it constantly improved the means of production, more so than any other class in history and was responsible for the overthrow of feudalism.
Karl Marx observed that in practically every successful industry, input unit-costs are lower than output unit-prices.
Karl Marx called the difference "surplus value" and argued that it was based on surplus labour, the difference between what it costs to keep workers alive, and what they can produce.
Karl Marx noted that even the capitalists themselves cannot go against the system.
Karl Marx suggested that over time capitalists would invest more and more in new technologies and less and less in labour.
Since Karl Marx believed that profit derived from surplus value appropriated from labour, he concluded that the rate of profit would fall as the economy grows.
Karl Marx believed that increasingly severe crises would punctuate this cycle of growth and collapse.
In section one of The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx describes feudalism, capitalism, and the role internal social contradictions play in the historical process:.
Karl Marx believed that those structural contradictions within capitalism necessitate its end, giving way to socialism, or a post-capitalistic, communist society:.
Karl Marx believed that if the proletariat were to seize the means of production, they would encourage social relations that would benefit everyone equally, abolishing the exploiting class and introducing a system of production less vulnerable to cyclical crises.
Karl Marx argued in The German Ideology that capitalism will end through the organised actions of an international working class:.
Karl Marx viewed Russia as the main counter-revolutionary threat to European revolutions.
Karl Marx was absolutely opposed to Pan-Slavism, viewing it as an instrument of Russian foreign policy.
Karl Marx had considered the Slavic nations except Poles as 'counter-revolutionary'.
Karl Marx spent some time in French Algeria, which had been invaded and made a French colony in 1830, and had the opportunity to observe life in colonial North Africa.
In both cases, Karl Marx recognizes the immense suffering brought about during the transition from feudal to bourgeois society while insisting that the transition is both necessary and ultimately progressive.
Karl Marx argues that the penetration of foreign commerce will cause a social revolution in India.
Karl Marx discussed British colonial rule in India in the New York Herald Tribune in 1853:.
Karl Marx's ideas have had a profound impact on world politics and intellectual thought, in particular in the aftermath of the 1917 Russian Revolution.
Followers of Karl Marx have often debated among themselves over how to interpret Karl Marx's writings and apply his concepts to the modern world.
The legacy of Karl Marx's thought has become contested between numerous tendencies, each of which sees itself as Karl Marx's most accurate interpreter.
From an academic perspective, Karl Marx's work contributed to the birth of modern sociology.
Karl Marx has been cited as one of the 19th century's three masters of the "school of suspicion", and as one of the three principal architects of modern social science.
In contrast to other philosophers, Karl Marx offered theories that could often be tested with the scientific method.
Karl Marx's ideas had a profound influence on subsequent artists and art history, with avant-garde movements across literature, visual art, music, film, and theatre.
The then-European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker defended Karl Marx's memory, saying that today Karl Marx "stands for things which he is not responsible for and which he didn't cause because many of the things he wrote down were redrafted into the opposite".
In 2017, a feature film, titled The Young Karl Marx, received good reviews for both its historical accuracy and its brio in dealing with intellectual life.