Forensic science, known as criminalistics, is the application of science to criminal and civil laws, mainly—on the criminal side—during criminal investigation, as governed by the legal standards of admissible evidence and criminal procedure.
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Forensic science is a broad field that includes; DNA analysis, fingerprint analysis, blood stain pattern analysis, firearms examination and ballistics, tool mark analysis, serology, toxicology, hair and fiber analysis, entomology, questioned documents, anthropology, odontology, pathology, epidemiology, footwear and tire tread analysis, drug chemistry, paint and glass analysis, digital audio video and photo analysis.
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Forensic science scientists collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence during the course of an investigation.
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Forensic science devised methods for making antiseptic and for promoting the reappearance of hidden injuries to dead bodies and bones ; for calculating the time of death ; described how to wash and examine the dead body to ascertain the reason for death.
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Forensic science's had been drowned in a shallow pool and bore the marks of violent assault.
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Forensic science's work was expanded upon, in 1806, by German chemist Valentin Ross, who learned to detect the poison in the walls of a victim's stomach.
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Forensic science was called by the prosecution in a murder trial to give evidence as a chemist in 1832.
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Forensic science combined a sample containing arsenic with sulfuric acid and arsenic-free zinc, resulting in arsine gas.
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Forensic science first described this test in The Edinburgh Philosophical Journal in 1836.
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Forensic science noticed a flaw in the bullet that killed the victim and was able to trace this back to the mold that was used in the manufacturing process.
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Forensic science established their first classification and was the first to identify fingerprints left on a vial.
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Forensic science had calculated that the chance of a "false positive" was about 1 in 64 billion.
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Forensic science evidence showed that both killers had the same blood type.
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Forensic science concluded that there was no match between the samples and Buckland, who became the first person to be exonerated using DNA.
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Forensic science went on to found the Institute of Criminalistics in 1912, as part of the University of Graz' Law School.
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Forensic science formulated the basic principle of forensic science: "Every contact leaves a trace", which became known as Locard's exchange principle.
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Forensic science remains a great inspiration for forensic science, especially for the way his acute study of a crime scene yielded small clues as to the precise sequence of events.
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Forensic science made great use of trace evidence such as shoe and tire impressions, as well as fingerprints, ballistics and handwriting analysis, now known as questioned document examination.
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Forensic science used analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis as well as toxicology examination and determination for poisons.
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Forensic science used ballistics by measuring bullet calibres and matching them with a suspected murder weapon.
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Forensic science used anthropometry for identification, stating that, since each individual is unique, by measuring aspects of physical difference there could be a personal identification system.
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Forensic science created the Bertillon System around 1879, a way of identifying criminals and citizens by measuring 20 parts of the body.
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Forensic science's created the Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death, intricate crime scene dioramas used to train investigators, which are still in use today.
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Forensic science realized the scope of DNA fingerprinting, which uses variations in the genetic code to identify individuals.
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The method has since become important in forensic science to assist police detective work, and it has proved useful in resolving paternity and immigration disputes.
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Forensic science scientists have started using laser scanners, drones and photogrammetry to obtain 3D point clouds of accidents or crime scenes.
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Forensic science is used by various other organizations to clarify the fate and whereabouts of persons who have gone missing.
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The International Commission on Missing Persons uses forensic science to find missing persons, for example after the conflicts in the Balkans.
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