29 Facts About Islamic science

Medieval Islamic science had practical purposes as well as the goal of understanding.

Islamic science doctors described diseases like smallpox and measles, and challenged classical Greek medical theory.

Major religious and cultural works of the Islamic science empire were translated into Arabic and occasionally Persian.

Islamic science survived the initial Christian reconquest of Spain, including the fall of Seville in 1248, as work continued in the eastern centres .

Early Islamic science period saw the establishment of theoretical frameworks in alchemy and chemistry.

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Islamic science contributed to the Tables of Toledo, used by astronomers to predict the movements of the sun, moon and planets across the sky.

Islamic science constructed a water clock in Toledo, discovered that the Sun's apogee moves slowly relative to the fixed stars, and obtained a good estimate of its motion for its rate of change.

Islamic science developed trigonometry as a separate field, and compiled the most accurate astronomical tables available up to that time.

Ibn Bassal had travelled widely across the Islamic science world, returning with a detailed knowledge of agronomy that fed into the Arab Agricultural Revolution.

Islamic science wrote the Tabula Rogeriana, a geographic study of the peoples, climates, resources and industries of the whole of the world known at that time.

Islamic science made use of maps from Greece, Portugal, Muslim sources, and perhaps one made by Christopher Columbus.

Islamic science represented a part of a major tradition of Ottoman cartography.

Islamic science mathematicians gathered, organised and clarified the mathematics they inherited from ancient Egypt, Greece, India, Mesopotamia and Persia, and went on to make innovations of their own.

Islamic science mathematics reached its apogee in the Eastern part of the Islamic science world between the tenth and twelfth centuries.

Islamic science was the first to treat algebra as an independent discipline in its own right, and presented the first systematic solution of linear and quadratic equations.

Islamic science has been credited with the invention of decimal fractions, and with a method like Horner's to calculate roots.

Sometime around the seventh century, Islamic science scholars adopted the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, describing their use in a standard type of text fi l-hisab al hindi, .

Islamic science society paid careful attention to medicine, following a hadith enjoining the preservation of good health.

Islamic science wrote a 23-volume compendium of Chinese, Indian, Persian, Syriac and Greek medicine.

Islamic science challenged Galen's work on several fronts, including the treatment of bloodletting, arguing that it was effective.

Islamic science wrote commentaries on Galen and on Avicenna's works.

Islamic science used the law to produce the first Aspheric lenses that focused light without geometric aberrations.

Islamic science suggested that light was reflected from different surfaces in different directions, thus causing objects to look different.

Islamic science argued further that the mathematics of reflection and refraction needed to be consistent with the anatomy of the eye.

Islamic science was an early proponent of the scientific method, the concept that a hypothesis must be proved by experiments based on confirmable procedures or mathematical evidence, five centuries before Renaissance scientists.

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Islamic science distinguished between sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate, and drew attention to the poisonous nature of copper compounds, especially copper vitriol, and of lead compounds.

Islamic science devoted a whole volume to simples in The Canon of Medicine.

Islamic science argued instead that an object acquires an inclination to move when it has a motive power impressed on it.

Islamic science claimed that a projectile in a vacuum would not stop unless it is acted upon.