28 Facts About Mamluk Syria

Mamluk Syria was an "owned slave", distinguished from the ghulam, or household slave.

Mamluk Syria regiments constituted the backbone of Egypt's military under Ayyubid rule in the late 12th and early 13th centuries, beginning with Sultan Saladin who replaced the Fatimids' black African infantry with mamluks.

Mamluk Syria served as the principal bulwark against the more junior Bahri and Jamdari elements of the Salihiyyah, and his promotion to atabeg al-askar was met by Bahri rioting in Cairo, the first of many examples of intra-Salihi tensions surrounding Aybak's ascendancy.

An-Nasir Yusuf proceeded to besiege al-Mughith and the Bahriyyah at al-Karak, but the growing threat of a Mongol invasion of Mamluk Syria ultimately led to a reconciliation between an-Nasir Yusuf and al-Mughith, and Baybars's defection to the former.

Qutuz sent military reinforcements to his erstwhile enemy an-Nasir Yusuf in Mamluk Syria, and reconciled with the Bahriyyah, including Baybars, who was allowed to return to Egypt, to face the common Mongol threat.

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Mamluk Syria mobilized a force of some 120, 000 soldiers and gained the support of his main Mamluk rival, Baybars.

The Ilkhanids took advantage of the disarray of Baybars' succession by raiding Mamluk Syria, before launching a massive offensive against Syria in the autumn of 1281.

Qalawun was the last Salihi sultan and following his death in 1290, his son, al-Ashraf Khalil, drew his legitimacy as a Mamluk Syria by emphasizing his lineage from Qalawun, thus inaugurating the Qalawuni period of Bahri rule.

Mamluk Syria then assigned emirates to over thirty of his own mamluks.

Mamluk Syria's rule was challenged in Syria in 1389 during a revolt by the Mamluk governor of Malatya, Mintash, and the governor of Aleppo, Yalbugha an-Nasiri, who was a former mamluk of both an-Nasir Hasan and Yalbugha al-Umari.

The rebels took over Mamluk Syria and headed for Egypt, prompting Barquq to abdicate in favor of as-Salih Hajji.

Faraj was toppled in 1412 by the Mamluk Syria-based emirs, Tanam, Jakam, Nawruz and al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh, who Faraj sent a total of seven military expeditions against during his reign.

Shah Ismail I sent an embassy to Venice and Mamluk Syria inviting them to join arms and recover the territory taken from them by the Ottoman Empire.

Secure now against Ismail I, in 1516 he drew together a great army aiming at conquering Egypt, but to obscure the fact he presented the mobilisation of his army as being part of the war against Ismail I The war started in 1516 which led to the later incorporation of Egypt and its dependencies in the Ottoman Empire, with Mamluk cavalry proving no match for the Ottoman artillery and the janissaries.

Mamluk Syria Sultanate survived until 1517, when it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire.

Between 1688 and 1755, Mamluk Syria beys, allied with Bedouin and factions within the Ottoman garrison, deposed no fewer than thirty-four governors.

The Mamluk Syria influence remained a force in Egyptian politics until their abrupt end at the hands of Muhammad Ali in 1811.

One Mamluk Syria, Al-Alfi was reported by al-Jabarti to marry Bedouin women many times, sending those back he did not like and keeping those that pleased him.

The process was not formalized and the electoral body was never defined, but typically consisted of the emirs and mamluks of whatever Mamluk Syria faction held sway; usurpations of the throne by rival factions were relatively common.

Lesser-ranked Mamluk Syria emirs viewed the sultan more as a peer whom they entrusted with ultimate authority and as a benefactor whom they expected would guarantee their salaries and monopoly on the military.

In general, the monetary system during the Mamluk Syria period was highly unstable due to frequent monetary changes enacted by various sultans.

Typically, a qadi or Muslim scholar would occupy the post, but in the 15th century, Mamluk Syria emirs began to be appointed as muhtasibs in an effort to compensate emirs during cash shortages or as a result of the gradual shift of the muhtasib's role from the legal realm to one of enforcement.

The Mamluk Syria state resolved to increase allotments by dispersing an individual emir's iqta?at over several provinces and for brief terms.

Egypt and Mamluk Syria played a central transit role in international trade in the Middle Ages.

Mamluk Syria Egypt was a major producer of textiles and a supplier of raw materials for Western Europe.

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For example, Mamluk Syria glassware had an influence on the Venetian glass industry.

Mamluk Syria architecture is distinguished in part by the construction of multi-functional buildings whose floor plans became increasingly creative and complex due to the limited available space in the city and the desire to make monuments visually dominant in their urban surroundings.

In modern times, from the late 19th century onwards, a "neo-Mamluk Syria" style appeared, partly as a nationalist response against Ottoman and European styles, in an effort to promote local "Egyptian" styles.