Nazim al-Kudsi later received a master's degree from the American University of Beirut, and PhD from the University of Geneva's Graduate Institute of International Studies.
24 Facts About Nazim al-Kudsi
2.
Nazim al-Kudsi clashed with the Bloc leadership that failed to prevent the annexation of Alexandretta to Turkey in 1939.
3.
Nazim al-Kudsi's election was repeated in 1949,1954, and 1962.
4.
Nazim al-Kudsi voted against the re-election of Quwatli as president, but a parliamentary majority pushed through the election.
5.
Nazim al-Kudsi was released shortly afterwards and placed under house arrest in Aleppo.
6.
Nazim al-Kudsi became highly critical of Za'im when the latter closed Syria's border with Jordan and Iraq and threatened to go to war with both countries, accusing them of being agents of Great Britain in the Middle East.
7.
Nazim al-Kudsi formulated an agreement that called for federal union, preserving independent governments in Damascus and Baghdad while coordinating military, economic, social, cultural, and political affairs between the two states.
8.
Nazim al-Kudsi then went to Cairo and proposed a similar program for all Arab states at the Arab League on 1 January 1951.
9.
Nazim al-Kudsi appointed Selu as provisional head of state and arrested Qudsi, sending him to Mezzeh prison.
10.
Nazim al-Kudsi was released in January 1952 but placed under house arrest.
11.
Nazim al-Kudsi joined the underground and worked in secret against Shishakli, supporting a coup d'etat that brought him down in February 1954.
12.
In October 1954, Nazim al-Kudsi al-Qudsi became a deputy in the first post-Shishakli Parliament and was elected speaker on 14 October 1954.
13.
Nazim al-Kudsi tried to regain some of his influence in political circles, but by that time, the People's Party had fallen from grace, and few Syrians advocated union with Iraq.
14.
Nazim al-Kudsi advocated pro-British and pro-American views at a time when the majority of Syrians had become pro-Soviet Union.
15.
Nazim al-Kudsi called on Syria to join the Baghdad Pact, an Anglo-American treaty to contain Communism, and pro-Nasser newspapers accused him of working as an agent for the Hashemites.
16.
Nazim al-Kudsi voted against the Syrian-Egyptian union and when the two countries merged to form the United Arab Republic in 1958, he resigned from public life altogether and retired to Aleppo.
17.
Nazim al-Kudsi then ran for presidential office and won, becoming the first post-Nasser leader of Syria on 12 December 1961.
18.
Nazim al-Kudsi was never on good terms with the new leaders of Iraq, especially the revolt leader, General Abd al-Karim Qasim.
19.
Nazim al-Kudsi began a massive economic reform program, restoring factories that had been nationalized by Nasser when he headed the UAR, and dismissing all pro-Nasser officials from office.
20.
Nazim al-Kudsi appointed Maarouf al-Dawalibi, a veteran of the People's Party with declared anti-officer views, as Prime Minister and Rashad Barmada from the same party as Minister of Defense.
21.
Nazim al-Kudsi arrested Qudsi and Dawalibi, accusing them of misusing their powers and persecuting the officers of the Syrian Army.
22.
Nazim al-Kudsi then tried to appease the officers and the socialists by calling on Bashir al-Azma, a doctor who had been close to Nasser and who held office as Minister of Health under the UAR, to become Prime Minister in April 1962 and Rashad Barmada became the Deputy Prime minister.
23.
Nazim al-Kudsi's cabinet included members of the socialist Ba'ath Party that was pro-Nasser.
24.
Nazim al-Kudsi moved to Lebanon, Europe, and finally to Jordan where he lived in exile until his death in February 1998.