Penal labour is a generic term for various kinds of forced labour which prisoners are required to perform, typically manual labour.
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15 Facts About Penal labour
2.
Forms of sentence involving penal labour have included involuntary servitude, penal servitude, and imprisonment with hard labour.
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3.
Semi-punitive Penal labour included oakum-picking: teasing apart old tarry rope to make caulking material for sailing vessels.
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4.
Imprisonment with hard Penal labour was first introduced into English law with the Criminal Law Act 1776, known as the "Hulks Act", which authorised prisoners being put to work on improving the navigation of the River Thames in lieu of transportation to the North American colonies, which had become impossible due to the American War of Independence.
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5.
Penal labour Servitude Act 1853 substituted penal servitude for transportation to a distant British colony, except in cases where a person could be sentenced to transportation for life or for a term not less than fourteen years.
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6.
Section 2 of the Penal labour Servitude Act 1857 abolished the sentence of transportation in all cases and provided that in all cases a person who would otherwise have been liable to transportation would be liable to penal servitude instead.
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7.
Section 1 of the Penal labour Servitude Act 1891 makes provision for enactments which authorise a sentence of penal servitude but do not specify a maximum duration.
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9.
Penal labour servitude was abolished for Northern Ireland by section 1 of the Criminal Justice Act 1953.
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10.
Prison Penal labour then specialised in the production of goods sold to government departments, or in small low-skilled manual Penal labour .
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11.
Penal labour servitude was abolished for the Republic of Ireland by section 11 of the Criminal Law Act, 1997.
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12.
Prisoners in Soviet Penal labour camps were sometimes worked to death with a mix of extreme production quotas, brutality, hunger and the harsh elements.
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13.
Penal labour is sometimes used as a punishment in the US military.
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14.
The prison Penal labour industry makes over $1 billion per year selling products that inmates make, while inmates are paid very little or nothing in return.
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15.
Goods produced through this penal labour are regulated through the Ashurst-Sumners Act which criminalises the interstate transport of such goods.
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