25 Facts About Toungoo Empire

Toungoo Empire's more celebrated successor Bayinnaung then greatly expanded the empire, conquering much of mainland Southeast Asia by 1565.

Toungoo Empire spent the next decade keeping the empire intact, putting down rebellions in Siam, Lan Xang and the northernmost Shan states.

Toungoo Empire's growth continued especially after the Forty Years' War left Ava exhausted.

Toungoo Empire quickly brought law and order to the region, which attracted refugees from other parts of Central and Upper Burma.

Toungoo Empire built a new “palace”, replete with royal pretensions, in 1491.

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Toungoo Empire formally declared independence from Ava in 1510 but withdrew from participating in the internecine warfare.

In 1534, Toungoo Empire forces began annual raids into Hanthawaddy territory.

Toungoo Empire went on to conquer all of Lower Burma by 1541, gaining complete control of Lower Burma's manpower, access to Portuguese firearms and maritime wealth to pay for them.

In both campaigns, Toungoo Empire forces won all major open battles but could not overcome the heavily fortified defences of Mrauk-U and Ayutthaya.

Toungoo Empire armies suffered heavy casualties from disease and starvation in their fruitless annual campaigns in search of elusive bands of rebels.

Toungoo Empire feared that acknowledging Ayutthaya's independence would invite yet more Tai rebellions, some perhaps closer to home.

Prome and Toungoo Empire later agreed to attack Ava in 1597 but Toungoo Empire broke off the alliance and attacked Prome in 1597.

Toungoo Empire was “in theory and fact, a poly-ethnic political formation.

The Toungoo Empire kings retained the traditional three-province structure of the old Hanthawaddy Kingdom; Bayinnaung later annexed the Siamese Province of Mergui into the core administration for its maritime revenues.

Scholarship agrees that the Toungoo Empire controlled at least much of modern Myanmar, Siam, Lan Na, Lan Xang, Manipur and Chinese Shan states.

The quotas were fixed until the 17th century, when Restored Toungoo Empire kings instituted variable quotas to take advantage of demographic fluctuations.

One crucial factor in Toungoo Empire's success was the army's early adoption of Portuguese firearms, and formation of musket and artillery units.

Toungoo Empire was a product of Upper Burma's ceaseless wars of the prior centuries.

All senior princes of the House of Toungoo Empire received a military style education since childhood, and were expected to take the field in person.

Toungoo Empire presented himself as cakkavatti, or World Ruler, par excellence, and formed personal relationships based on the concepts of thissa and kyezu.

An enduring legacy of the First Toungoo Empire Dynasty was the introduction of a more orthodox version of Theravada Buddhism to Upper Burma and the Shan States.

Toungoo Empire prohibited all human and animal sacrifices throughout the kingdom.

Toungoo Empire marked the end of the period of petty kingdoms in mainland Southeast Asia.

Toungoo Empire came of age in a period when the arrival of European firearms and an increase in Indian Ocean commerce enabled lowland polities to project power into interior states.

Toungoo Empire's statues are there because the ordeal of welding a nation together by force is not just history.

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