51 Facts About Underwater diving

Recreational Underwater diving is a popular leisure activity.

Public safety diving is the underwater work done by law enforcement, fire rescue, and underwater search and recovery dive teams.

Deep sea diving is underwater diving, usually with surface-supplied equipment, and often refers to the use of standard diving dress with the traditional copper helmet.

Hard hat Underwater diving is any form of Underwater diving with a helmet, including the standard copper helmet, and other forms of free-flow and lightweight demand helmets.

The Underwater diving reflex is triggered by chilling the face and holding the breath.

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Blackouts in freeUnderwater diving can occur when the breath is held long enough for metabolic activity to reduce the oxygen partial pressure sufficiently to cause loss of consciousness.

Underwater diving vision is affected by the clarity and the refractive index of the medium.

Underwater diving objects are blurred by scattering of light between the object and the viewer, resulting in lower contrast.

Fins and a Underwater diving mask are often used in free Underwater diving to improve vision and provide more efficient propulsion.

Snorkelling on the surface with no intention of Underwater diving is a popular water sport and recreational activity.

Open circuit scuba systems discharge the breathing gas into the environment as it is exhaled, and consist of one or more Underwater diving cylinders containing breathing gas at high pressure which is supplied to the diver through a Underwater diving regulator.

Airline Underwater diving is used for work such as hull cleaning and archaeological surveys, for shellfish harvesting, and as snuba, a shallow water activity typically practised by tourists and those who are not scuba-certified.

Saturation Underwater diving lets professional divers live and work under pressure for days or weeks at a time.

Compressor Underwater diving is a rudimentary method of surface-supplied Underwater diving used in some tropical regions such as the Philippines and the Caribbean.

Professionals in the recreational Underwater diving industry include instructor trainers, Underwater diving instructors, assistant instructors, divemasters, dive guides, and scuba technicians.

Commercial Underwater diving is industry related and includes engineering tasks such as in hydrocarbon exploration, offshore construction, dam maintenance and harbour works.

In civilian operations, police Underwater diving units perform search and rescue operations, and recover evidence.

Choice between scuba and surface-supplied Underwater diving equipment is based on both legal and logistical constraints.

Military Underwater diving goes back at least as far as the Peloponnesian War, with recreational and sporting applications being a recent development.

Technological development in ambient pressure Underwater diving started with stone weights for fast descent, with rope assist for ascent.

The diving bell is one of the earliest types of equipment for underwater work and exploration.

Saturation Underwater diving reduced the risks of DCS for deep and long exposures.

All of these modes are still in use and each has a range of applications where it has advantages over the others, though Underwater diving bells have largely been relegated to a means of transport for surface-supplied divers.

Underwater diving's work, La Pression barometrique, was a comprehensive investigation into the physiological effects of air pressure, both above and below the normal.

Underwater diving determined that inhaling pressurised air caused nitrogen to dissolve into the bloodstream; rapid depressurisation would then release the nitrogen into its gaseous state, forming bubbles that could block the blood circulation and potentially cause paralysis or death.

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Open-water Underwater diving implies that if a problem arises, the diver can directly ascend vertically to the atmosphere to breathe air.

Black-water Underwater diving is mid-water Underwater diving at night, particularly on a moonless night.

An overhead or penetration Underwater diving environment is where the diver enters a space from which there is no direct, purely vertical ascent to the safety of breathable atmosphere at the surface.

Night diving can allow the diver to experience a different underwater environment, because many marine animals are nocturnal.

Atmospheric pressure Underwater diving suits are mainly constrained by the technology of the articulation seals, and a US Navy diver has dived to 610 metres in one.

Professional Underwater diving operations tend to adhere more rigidly to standard operating procedures than recreational divers, who are not legally or contractually obliged to follow them, but the prevalence of Underwater diving accidents is known to be strongly correlated to human error, which is more common in divers with less training and experience.

Underwater diving diver training is normally given by a qualified instructor who is a member of one of many diver training agencies or is registered with a government agency.

Some knowledge of physiology and the physics of Underwater diving is considered necessary by most diver certification agencies, as the Underwater diving environment is alien and relatively hostile to humans.

The general hazards of Underwater diving are much the same for recreational divers and professional divers, but the risks vary with the Underwater diving procedures used.

Many Underwater diving fatalities are the result of a cascade of incidents overwhelming the diver, who should be able to manage any single reasonably foreseeable incident and its probable direct consequences.

Commercial Underwater diving operations are constrained by the physical realities of the operating environment, and expensive engineering solutions are often necessary to control risk.

Scuba Underwater diving fatalities have a major financial impact by way of lost income, lost business, insurance premium increases and high litigation costs.

About a quarter of Underwater diving fatalities are associated with cardiac events, mostly in older divers.

For those pursuing other activities while Underwater diving, there are additional hazards of task loading, of the dive task and of special equipment associated with the task.

Major factors influencing Underwater diving safety are the environment, the Underwater diving equipment and the performance of the diver and the dive team.

Risk management of Underwater diving operations involves the usual measures of engineering controls, administrative controls and procedures, and personal protective equipment, including hazard identification and risk assessment, protective equipment, medical screening, training and standardised procedures.

In Israel recreational Underwater diving activities are regulated by the Recreational Diving Act, 1979.

In spite of this lack of clarity, buddy Underwater diving is recommended by recreational diver training agencies as safer than solo Underwater diving, and some service providers insist that customers dive in buddy pairs.

Scuba Underwater diving tourism is the industry based on servicing the requirements of recreational divers at destinations other than where they live.

Professional Underwater diving includes a wide range of applications, of varying economic impact.

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In terms of total numbers of divers, the recreational Underwater diving industry has a far larger market, but the costs of equipment and relatively large manning requirements of professional Underwater diving make that market substantial in its own right.

Environmental impact of recreational Underwater diving is the effects of Underwater diving tourism on the marine environment.

Since the 1970s Underwater diving has changed from an elite activity to a more accessible recreation, marketed to a very wide demographic.

Recreational scuba Underwater diving has grown in popularity during the 21st century, as is shown by the number of certifications issued worldwide, which has increased to about 23 million by 2016 at about one million per year.

Scuba Underwater diving tourism is a growth industry, and it is necessary to consider environmental sustainability, as the expanding impact of divers can adversely affect the marine environment in several ways, and the impact depends on the specific environment.

Low impact Underwater diving training has been shown to be effective in reducing diver contact.