39 Facts About William McIntosh

William McIntosh was a chief of Coweta tribal town and commander of a mounted police force.

William McIntosh became a large-scale planter, built and managed a successful inn, and operated a commercial ferry business.

William McIntosh was executed by his long-time political nemesis Menawa and a large force of Law Menders in late April 1825.

The majority of Chief William McIntosh's descendants migrated to Indian Territory before 1831, when the US federal government began forcibly removing tribes west in the Trail of Tears.

The senior William McIntosh's mother was Margaret "Mary" McGillivray, believed to have been a sister of the Scot Lachlan McGillivray, a wealthy fur trader and planter in Georgia.

William McIntosh gained his status and place among the Muscogee from his mother's clan.

William McIntosh became a wealthy planter and slaveholder; and he was influential in both Muscogee and European-American society.

One of his cousins was George Troup, who became governor of Georgia when William McIntosh was a prominent chief.

Whites sometimes mistakenly assumed that William McIntosh had centralized authority over the Muscogee, but he was only one among numerous chiefs, and the central power became the Muscogee Creek National Council, especially after it adopted the Code of 1818.

The Red Sticks were allied with the British and so he and William McIntosh, who was with the Lower Towns and allied with the Americans, were opposed to each other during the conflict.

Around the end of the Creek War, William McIntosh took a second wife, Susannah Ree, whose heritage is variously given as Cherokee, and full-blooded Muscogee.

Records conflict as to whether Peggy and William McIntosh had three additional children or no children.

William McIntosh was interested in introducing American education among the Muscogee, adopted the use of chattel slavery on his plantations, and played a role in centralizing the Muscogee Creek National Council over the years.

William McIntosh operated two ferries, an inn, and a tavern.

William McIntosh used his influence to improve a Creek trail connecting the Upper and Lower Towns, that ran from Talladega, Alabama, to the Chattahoochee River.

William McIntosh owned two plantations, Lockchau Talofau in present-day Carroll County, and Indian Springs, in present-day Butts County His plantation of Acorn Bluff was at the eastern terminus of the McIntosh Road, where the chief developed a ferry operation across the Chattahoochee River.

Acorn Creek, a tributary of the Chattahoochee located adjacent to the William McIntosh estate, is named after the plantation.

William McIntosh owned numerous black slaves to cultivate cotton as a commodity crop on his plantations.

William McIntosh built a resort hotel at Indian Springs, hoping to attract more travelers along the improved road.

William McIntosh fought in support of General Andrew Jackson and state militias in the Battle of Horseshoe Bend, marking the defeat in 1814 of the Red Sticks and the end of the Creek War.

William McIntosh was appointed a brigadier general of the United States Volunteers by then-Major General Jackson and enjoyed the full emoluments, such as pay and allowances for subsistence, forage and servants, as officers of the same flag officer rank in the United States Army.

William McIntosh played a role in negotiations and cessions of 1805,1814,1818 and 1821.

William McIntosh fought with the United States in the First Seminole War and helped capture the fort.

Chief William McIntosh was actively involved in collaborating with chiefs from the Upper and Lower Towns through the Muscogee Creek National Council in developing a centralized government that borrowed from Anglo-American traditions.

Mitchell and William McIntosh were suspected of controlling some of the distribution of food and annuities for their own benefit in this period, increasing William McIntosh's power among the Muscogee.

William McIntosh Bowen bought 110 slaves for $25,000 and had them taken to the Indian agency in the Muscogee Creek Nation in two batches: in December 1817 and January 1818.

The fifth article of the treaty stipulated that William McIntosh receive payment for lands he was previously granted in 1821.

Historians continue to argue over whether William McIntosh ceded the land for personal gain, or because he believed removal was inevitable, and he was trying to achieve some security for the Muscogee Creek Nation.

Historians like Michael Green believe that William McIntosh sold away the tribe's birthright and future, describing the treaty as.

Governor George Troup of Georgia, a cousin of William McIntosh, had promised him protection, but put pressure on him to survey lands ahead of time, as Georgia wanted to prepare for a land lottery.

William McIntosh, wounded by gunfire, was pulled from the burning house by several attackers, then one of the men stabbed him in the heart.

William McIntosh's wives asked for a suit of clothes for his burial, but the killers insisted on throwing the naked corpse into an unmarked grave.

Eight William McIntosh men served with the Confederate Army during the war.

Daughter Rebecca William McIntosh married Benjamin Hawkins in the Western Muscogee Nation in 1831.

The widow Rebecca McIntosh Hawkins married Spire M Hagerty, who held land and slaves on his Phoenix plantation in Harrison County, Texas.

William McIntosh died in December 1849 in Montgomery County, Alabama.

William McIntosh was the only woman who in 1860 owned more than 100 slaves, and likely the only Native American in Texas to do so.

William McIntosh owned three plantations: the third was in Cass County, and the total properties amounted to 12,800 acres.

William McIntosh was the wealthiest person in Marion County, where her plantation Refuge was located.