14 Facts About Atmospheric entry

Atmospheric entry is the movement of an object from outer space into and through the gases of an atmosphere of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.

An alternative method of controlled atmospheric entry is buoyancy which is suitable for planetary entry where thick atmospheres, strong gravity, or both factors complicate high-velocity hyperbolic entry, such as the atmospheres of Venus, Titan and the gas giants.

Practical development of reAtmospheric entry systems began as the range, and reAtmospheric entry velocity of ballistic missiles increased.

From simple engineering principles, Allen and Eggers showed that the heat load experienced by an entry vehicle was inversely proportional to the drag coefficient; i e, the greater the drag, the less the heat load.

Pure spherical Atmospheric entry vehicles were used in the early Soviet Vostok and Voskhod capsules and in Soviet Mars and Venera descent vehicles.

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Space exploration sphere-cone Atmospheric entry vehicles have landed on the surface or entered the atmospheres of Mars, Venus, Jupiter, and Titan.

Direct friction upon the reAtmospheric entry object is not the main cause of shock-layer heating.

The distance from the shock wave to the stagnation point on the Atmospheric entry vehicle's leading edge is called shock wave stand off.

Non-equilibrium air in the shock layer is then transported past the Atmospheric entry vehicle's leading side into a region of rapidly expanding flow that causes freezing.

Consequently, for Atmospheric entry trajectories causing lower heat flux, carbon phenolic is sometimes inappropriate and lower-density TPS materials such as the following examples can be better design choices:.

SLA-561V is a proprietary ablative made by Lockheed Martin that has been used as the primary TPS material on all of the 70° sphere-cone Atmospheric entry vehicles sent by NASA to Mars other than the Mars Science Laboratory .

However, the velocity attained by SpaceShipOne prior to reAtmospheric entry is much lower than that of an orbital spacecraft, and engineers, including Rutan, recognize that a feathered reAtmospheric entry technique is not suitable for return from orbit.

Feathered reAtmospheric entry was first described by Dean Chapman of NACA in 1958.

The reAtmospheric entry was a major media event largely due to the Cosmos 954 incident, but not viewed as much as a potential disaster since it did not carry toxic nuclear or hydrazine fuel.