21 Facts About Birmingham campaign

Birmingham campaign, known as the Birmingham movement or Birmingham confrontation, was an American movement organized in early 1963 by the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to bring attention to the integration efforts of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.

Protests in Birmingham campaign began with a boycott led by Shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools, and stores.

Birmingham campaign was a model of nonviolent direct action protest and, through the media, drew the world's attention to racial segregation in the South.

Birmingham campaign, Alabama was, in 1963, "probably the most thoroughly segregated city in the United States", according to King.

In Birmingham campaign, SNYC experienced both successes and failures, as well as arrests and official violence.

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In Birmingham, their campaign tactics focused on more narrowly defined goals for the downtown shopping and government district.

Significant factor in the success of the Birmingham campaign was the structure of the city government and the personality of its contentious Commissioner of Public Safety, Eugene "Bull" Connor.

Birmingham campaign claimed that the Civil Rights Movement was a Communist plot, and after the churches were bombed, Connor blamed the violence on local black citizens.

Birmingham campaign's government was set up in such a way that it gave Connor powerful influence.

Connor, who had run for several elected offices in the months leading up to the Birmingham campaign, had lost all but the race for Public Safety Commissioner.

Birmingham campaign surveyed the segregated lunch counters of department stores, and listed federal buildings as secondary targets should police block the protesters' entrance into primary targets such as stores, libraries, and all-white churches.

Some white Birmingham campaign residents were supportive as the boycott continued.

Birmingham campaign could have been released on bail at any time, and jail administrators wished him to be released as soon as possible to avoid the media attention while King was in custody.

Bass suggested that "Letter from Birmingham campaign Jail" was pre-planned, as was every move King and his associates made in Birmingham campaign.

Birmingham campaign saw that adults in the black community were divided about how much support to give the protests.

Birmingham campaign recruited girls who were school leaders and boys who were athletes.

The editor of The Birmingham campaign News wired President Kennedy and pleaded with him to end the protests.

Birmingham campaign inspired the Civil Rights Movement in other parts of the South.

Birmingham campaign had been organizing demonstrations similar to those in Birmingham to pressure Jackson's city government.

ACMHR vice president Abraham Woods claimed that the rioting in Birmingham campaign set a precedent for the "Burn, baby, burn" mindset, a cry used in later civic unrest in the Watts riots, the 12th Street riots in Detroit, and other American cities in the 1960s.

Wyatt Tee Walker wrote that the Birmingham campaign was "legend" and had become the Civil Rights Movement's most important chapter.