12 Facts About Celestial spheres

Aristotle considers that these Celestial spheres are made of an unchanging fifth element, the aether.

Each of these concentric Celestial spheres is moved by its own god—an unchanging divine unmoved mover, and who moves its sphere simply by virtue of being loved by it.

Planetary Celestial spheres were arranged outwards from the spherical, stationary Earth at the centre of the universe in this order: the Celestial spheres of the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

The planetary Celestial spheres were followed by the stellar sphere containing the fixed stars; other scholars added a ninth sphere to account for the precession of the equinoxes, a tenth to account for the supposed trepidation of the equinoxes, and even an eleventh to account for the changing obliquity of the ecliptic.

Edward Grant, a historian of science, has provided evidence that medieval scholastic philosophers generally considered the celestial spheres to be solid in the sense of three-dimensional or continuous, but most did not consider them solid in the sense of hard.

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Celestial spheres maintained that the celestial spheres were "imaginary things" and "more tenuous than a spider's web".

Celestial spheres's views were challenged by al-Jurjani, who maintained that even if the celestial spheres "do not have an external reality, yet they are things that are correctly imagined and correspond to what [exists] in actuality".

Each of the lower Celestial spheres was moved by a subordinate spiritual mover, called an intelligence.

Copernicus rejected the ninth and tenth Celestial spheres, placed the orb of the Moon around the Earth, and moved the Sun from its orb to the center of the universe.

In Kepler's mature celestial physics, the spheres were regarded as the purely geometric spatial regions containing each planetary orbit rather than as the rotating physical orbs of the earlier Aristotelian celestial physics.

Celestial spheres drew the spheres in the conventional order, with the Moon closest to the Earth and the stars highest, but the spheres were concave upwards, centered on God, rather than concave downwards, centered on the Earth.

Contrary to Cicero's representation, da Gama's tour of the Celestial spheres begins with the Empyrean, then descends inward toward Earth, culminating in a survey of the domains and divisions of earthly kingdoms, thus magnifying the importance of human deeds in the divine plan.