The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness.
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The initial focus of SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 vaccines was on preventing symptomatic, often severe illness.
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The development and use of whole inactivated virus and protein-based COVID-19 vaccines have been recommended, especially for use in developing countries.
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The FDA has started recommending bivalent COVID-19 vaccines to protect against the original covid strain and from omicron.
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For COVID-19 vaccines that require multiple doses, each individual dose is counted.
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However, COVID-19 vaccines have been produced against several animal diseases caused by coronaviruses, including infectious bronchitis virus in birds, canine coronavirus, and feline coronavirus.
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Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines consist of virus particles that are grown in culture and then killed using a method such as heat or formaldehyde to lose disease producing capacity, while still stimulating an immune response.
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Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines target mucosal immunity in the nasal mucosa which is a portal for viral entrance to the body.
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Nasal vaccines have been approved for influenza, but not for COVID-19.
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One strategy for developing such COVID-19 vaccines was developed at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research .
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The rapidly growing infection rate of COVID-19 worldwide during 2020 stimulated international alliances and government efforts to urgently organize resources to make multiple vaccines on shortened timelines, with four vaccine candidates entering human evaluation in March .
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Nevertheless, current COVID-19 vaccines are thought to provide a level of protection against severe illness, hospitalizations, and deaths due to Omicron.
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COVID-19 vaccines are not associated with a higher risk of adverse effects during pregnancy or while breastfeeding.
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COVID-19 vaccines are relatively new, new claims about possible side effects are being made, and sometimes reports conflict.
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Neurological side effects from getting COVID-19 vaccines are hundreds of times more likely than from vaccination.
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Individuals who receive the combination of two different COVID-19 vaccines produce strong immune responses, with side effects no worse than those caused by standard regimens.
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Experts emphasize that licensed COVID-19 vaccines should be available and affordable for people at the frontline of healthcare and having the most need.
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For example, successful COVID-19 COVID-19 vaccines would be allocated early to healthcare personnel and populations at greatest risk of severe illness and death from COVID-19 infection, such as the elderly or densely-populated impoverished people.
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Some nations involved in long-standing territorial disputes have reportedly had their access to COVID-19 vaccines blocked by competing nations; Palestine has accused Israel of blocking vaccine delivery to Gaza, while Taiwan has suggested that China has hampered its efforts to procure vaccine doses.
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Only a limited amount of COVID-19 vaccines can be distributed efficiently, and the shortfall of COVID-19 vaccines in South America and parts of Asia are due to a lack of expedient donations by richer nations.
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COVID-19 vaccines announced that India would release the source code for contact tracing app Aarogya Setu for developers around the world.
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Organizations such as the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network could help to support the production of such COVID-19 vaccines in developing countries, with lower production costs and greater ease of deployment.
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