1. Amalie Emmy Noether was a German mathematician who made many important contributions to abstract algebra.
87 Facts About Emmy Noether
1. 2.
Emmy Noether proved Noether's first and second theorems, which are fundamental in mathematical physics.
3.
In physics, Emmy Noether's theorem explains the connection between symmetry and conservation laws.
4.
Emmy Noether was born to a Jewish family in the Franconian town of Erlangen; her father was the mathematician Max Emmy Noether.
5.
Emmy Noether originally planned to teach French and English after passing the required examinations but instead studied mathematics at the University of Erlangen, where her father lectured.
6.
Emmy Noether's habilitation was approved in 1919, allowing her to obtain the rank of Privatdozent.
7.
Emmy Noether remained a leading member of the Gottingen mathematics department until 1933; her students were sometimes called the "Emmy Noether Boys".
8.
Emmy Noether made elegant use of the ascending chain condition, and objects satisfying it are named Noetherian in her honor.
9.
Amalie Emmy Noether was born on 23 March 1882 in Erlangen, Bavaria.
10.
Emmy Noether was the first of four children of mathematician Max Noether and Ida Amalia Kaufmann, both from wealthy Jewish merchant families.
11.
Emmy Noether was near-sighted and talked with a minor lisp during her childhood.
12.
Emmy Noether was taught to cook and clean, as were most girls of the time, and took piano lessons.
13.
Emmy Noether pursued none of these activities with passion, although she loved to dance.
14.
The eldest, Alfred Emmy Noether, was born in 1883 and was awarded a doctorate in chemistry from Erlangen in 1909, but died nine years later.
15.
Fritz Emmy Noether was born in 1884, studied in Munich and made contributions to applied mathematics.
16.
Emmy Noether was likely executed in the Soviet Union in 1941.
17.
Emmy Noether's performance qualified her to teach languages at schools reserved for girls, but she chose instead to continue her studies at the University of Erlangen, at which her father was a professor.
18.
Emmy Noether returned to Erlangen and officially reentered the university in October 1904, declaring her intention to focus solely on mathematics.
19.
Emmy Noether was one of six women in her year and the only woman in her chosen school.
20.
Gordan was a member of the "computational" school of invariant researchers, and Emmy Noether's thesis ended with a list of over 300 explicitly worked-out invariants.
21.
From 1908 to 1915, Emmy Noether taught at Erlangen's Mathematical Institute without pay, occasionally substituting for her father, Max Emmy Noether, when he was too ill to lecture.
22.
Emmy Noether joined the Circolo Matematico di Palermo in 1908 and the Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung in 1909.
23.
Gordan retired in 1910, and Emmy Noether taught under his successors, Erhard Schmidt and Ernst Fischer, who took over from the former in 1911.
24.
From 1913 to 1916, Emmy Noether published several papers extending and applying Hilbert's methods to mathematical objects such as fields of rational functions and the invariants of finite groups.
25.
In Erlangen, Emmy Noether advised two doctoral students: Hans Falckenberg and Fritz Seidelmann, who defended their theses in 1911 and 1916.
26.
Emmy Noether had previously received medical care for an eye condition, but its nature and impact on her death is unknown.
27.
Emmy Noether presumably did not present it herself because she was not a member of the society.
28.
In 1919 the University of Gottingen allowed Emmy Noether to proceed with her habilitation.
29.
Emmy Noether became a privatdozent, and she delivered that fall semester the first lectures listed under her own name.
30.
Emmy Noether was not paid for her lectures until she was appointed to the special position of Lehrbeauftragte fur Algebra a year later.
31.
Emmy Noether immediately began working with Noether, who provided invaluable methods of abstract conceptualization.
32.
Between 1926 and 1930, Alexandrov regularly lectured at the university, and he and Emmy Noether became good friends.
33.
Emmy Noether dubbed her der Noether, using der as an epithet rather than as the masculine German article.
34.
In Gottingen, Emmy Noether supervised more than a dozen doctoral students, though most were together with Edmund Landau and others as she was not allowed to supervise dissertations on her own.
35.
Emmy Noether was later reinstated and became a professor at Humboldt University in 1948.
36.
Emmy Noether then supervised Werner Weber and Jakob Levitzki, who both defended their theses in 1929.
37.
Deuring, who had been considered the most promising of Emmy Noether's students, was awarded his doctorate in 1930.
38.
Emmy Noether worked in Hamburg, Marden and Gottingen and is known for his contributions to arithmetic geometry.
39.
Emmy Noether died at the age of 31 from a bone disease.
40.
Emmy Noether received his PhD in July 1933 with a thesis on the Riemann-Roch theorem and zeta-functions, and went on to make several contributions that now bear his name.
41.
Emmy Noether returned to China in 1935 and started teaching at National Chekiang University, but died only five years later.
42.
Schilling began studying under Emmy Noether but was forced to find a new advisor due to Emmy Noether's emigration.
43.
Emmy Noether later worked as a post doc at Trinity College, Cambridge, before moving to the United States.
44.
Emmy Noether showed a devotion to her subject and her students that extended beyond the academic day.
45.
Emmy Noether was paid more generously later in her life, but saved half of her salary to bequeath to her nephew, Gottfried E Noether.
46.
Olga Taussky-Todd, a distinguished algebraist taught by Emmy Noether, described a luncheon during which Emmy Noether, wholly engrossed in a discussion of mathematics, "gesticulated wildly" as she ate and "spilled her food constantly and wiped it off from her dress, completely unperturbed".
47.
Emmy Noether did not follow a lesson plan for her lectures.
48.
Emmy Noether spoke quickly and her lectures were considered difficult to follow by many, including Carl Ludwig Siegel and Paul Dubreil.
49.
Emmy Noether used her lectures as a spontaneous discussion time with her students, to think through and clarify important problems in mathematics.
50.
Emmy Noether transmitted an infectious mathematical enthusiasm to her most dedicated students, who relished their lively conversations with her.
51.
Emmy Noether was recorded as having given at least five semester-long courses at Gottingen:.
52.
Emmy Noether worked with the topologists Lev Pontryagin and Nikolai Chebotaryov, who later praised her contributions to the development of Galois theory.
53.
Emmy Noether was especially happy to see Soviet advances in the fields of science and mathematics, which she considered indicative of new opportunities made possible by the Bolshevik project.
54.
Hermann Weyl recalled that "During the wild times after the Revolution of 1918," Emmy Noether "sided more or less with the Social Democrats".
55.
Emmy Noether was from 1919 through 1922 a member of the Independent Social Democrats, a short-lived splinter party.
56.
Emmy Noether planned to return to Moscow, an effort for which she received support from Alexandrov.
57.
Emmy Noether's colleagues celebrated her fiftieth birthday, in 1932, in typical mathematicians' style.
58.
Emmy Noether solved it immediately, but the riddle has been lost.
59.
Apparently, Emmy Noether's prominent speaking position was a recognition of the importance of her contributions to mathematics.
60.
Emmy Noether accepted the decision calmly, providing support for others during this difficult time.
61.
Emmy Noether was contacted by representatives of two educational institutions: Bryn Mawr College, in the United States, and Somerville College at the University of Oxford, in England.
62.
At Bryn Mawr, Emmy Noether met and befriended Anna Wheeler, who had studied at Gottingen just before Emmy Noether arrived there.
63.
Emmy Noether took her examination with Richard Brauer and received her degree in June 1935, with a thesis concerning separable normal extensions.
64.
In 1934, Emmy Noether began lecturing at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton upon the invitation of Abraham Flexner and Oswald Veblen.
65.
Emmy Noether's body was cremated and the ashes interred under the walkway around the cloisters of the M Carey Thomas Library at Bryn Mawr.
66.
Emmy Noether showed an acute propensity for abstract thought, which allowed her to approach problems of mathematics in fresh and original ways.
67.
Such conditions and the theory of ideals enabled Emmy Noether to generalize many older results and to treat old problems from a new perspective, such as the topics of algebraic invariants that had been studied by her father and elimination theory, discussed below.
68.
Emmy Noether used these sorts of symmetries in her work on invariants in physics.
69.
Emmy Noether proved this by giving a constructive method for finding all of the invariants and their generators, but was not able to carry out this constructive approach for invariants in three or more variables.
70.
Emmy Noether followed Gordan's lead, writing her doctoral dissertation and several other publications on invariant theory.
71.
Emmy Noether extended Gordan's results and built upon Hilbert's research.
72.
In 1918, Emmy Noether published a paper on the inverse Galois problem.
73.
Emmy Noether was brought to Gottingen in 1915 by David Hilbert and Felix Klein, who wanted her expertise in invariant theory to help them in understanding general relativity, a geometrical theory of gravitation developed mainly by Albert Einstein.
74.
Emmy Noether provided the resolution of this paradox, and a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics, in a 1918 paper.
75.
Emmy Noether's theorem allows researchers to determine the conserved quantities from the observed symmetries of a physical system.
76.
Emmy Noether's theorem provides a test for theoretical models of the phenomenon: If the theory has a continuous symmetry, then Emmy Noether's theorem guarantees that the theory has a conserved quantity, and for the theory to be correct, this conservation must be observable in experiments.
77.
Emmy Noether proved that in a ring which satisfies the ascending chain condition on ideals, every ideal is finitely generated.
78.
Emmy Noether showed that these rings were characterized by five conditions: they must satisfy the ascending and descending chain conditions, they must possess a unit element but no zero divisors, and they must be integrally closed in their associated field of fractions.
79.
Emmy Noether showed that fundamental theorems about the factorization of polynomials could be carried over directly.
80.
Emmy Noether's paper gave two proofs of Noether's bound, both of which work when the characteristic of the field is coprime to.
81.
The degrees of generators need not satisfy Emmy Noether's bound when the characteristic of the field divides the number, but Emmy Noether was not able to determine whether this bound was correct when the characteristic of the field divides but not.
82.
Emmy Noether's result was later extended by William Haboush to all reductive groups by his proof of the Mumford conjecture.
83.
Emmy Noether is credited with fundamental ideas that led to the development of algebraic topology from the earlier combinatorial topology, specifically, the idea of homology groups.
84.
Emmy Noether united these earlier results and gave the first general representation theory of groups and algebras.
85.
Briefly, Emmy Noether subsumed the structure theory of associative algebras and the representation theory of groups into a single arithmetic theory of modules and ideals in rings satisfying ascending chain conditions.
86.
Emmy Noether was responsible for a number of other advances in the field of algebra.
87.
Emmy Noether's work continues to be relevant for the development of theoretical physics and mathematics, and she is considered one of the most important mathematicians of the twentieth century.