63 Facts About George Croghan

George Croghan was appointed in 1756 as Deputy Indian Agent with chief responsibility for the Ohio region tribes.

George Croghan assisted Sir William Johnson, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Northern District, who was based in New York and had strong alliances with the Iroquois.

George Croghan was acquitted the following year but patriot authorities did not allow him back in the Ohio territory.

Cave concludes that the treason charge that ended George Croghan's career was trumped up by his enemies.

George Croghan soon learned that his three deeds would be invalidated if part of Pennsylvania, sabotaged that colony's effort to erect the fort, and led the Ohio Confederation to permit Virginia's Ohio Company to build it and settle the region.

Braddock's Defeat in 1755 and French control of Ohio Country, which they called the Illinois Country, indicating the area of their greater settlement, found George Croghan building forts on the Pennsylvania frontier.

George Croghan briefly lived until 1770 on a quarter of a million New York acres.

George Croghan resigned as Indian agent in 1771 to establish Vandalia, a fourteenth British colony to include parts of present-day West Virginia, southwestern Pennsylvania, and eastern Kentucky, but continued to serve as a borderland negotiator for Johnson, who died a British loyalist in 1774.

The best evidence for George Croghan's age is found in the treasonous Filius Gallicae letters, written early in 1756 by an otherwise anonymous author.

George Croghan testified to his Irish origins in meetings in London in the 1760s.

George Croghan is a corruption and Anglicization of an older native Irish surname Mac Conchruacha.

Apparently George Croghan's father died young and his widowed mother married again, to Thomas Ward.

George Croghan emigrated as a young man from Dublin, Ireland to the province of Pennsylvania in 1741.

George Croghan learned at least two Native languages, Delaware and probably Seneca, whose territory extended into what colonists called Pennsylvania.

George Croghan learned Native American customs, rapidly adopting the practice of exchanging gifts when he met with the people.

George Croghan established his first trading base and wintered in a mostly Seneca village at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River on Lake Erie.

George Croghan married in the 1740s and had a daughter, Susannah George Croghan.

George Croghan later married again, while serving as Deputy Indian agent to Sir William Johnson, British Superintendent of Indian Affairs in the Northern District.

George Croghan's second wife was a Mohawk woman, Catherine, daughter of Mohawk chief Nickus Peters.

George Croghan later was the third wife of Joseph Brant, the prominent Mohawk war leader who led his people during their migration and settlement in Canada on lands granted by the Crown after the American Revolutionary War.

Brant's sister Molly was a long-term consort of Sir William Johnson, so George Croghan was doubly connected to influential British and Mohawk families in the East.

George Croghan developed a plantation there which served as his home and base of operations from about 1745 until 1751.

George Croghan was adopted by the Seneca and in 1746, according to his testimony before the Lords of Trade in 1764, was one of their hereditary sachems among the 50 chiefs comprising the Six Nations' Onondaga Council.

George Croghan was followed by Memeskia, known by the French as La Demoiselle, who was a Piankeshaw Miami chief.

Reports claimed that George Croghan had encouraged the uprising so that the Natives would trade with him and not the French.

Old Briton relocated to Pickawillany on the Great Miami River, where George Croghan built a stockade and trading post.

George Croghan had already informed Pennsylvania Governor Hamilton that the Ohio Confederation wanted a British fort at the Forks of the Ohio.

George Croghan protested and among other things had Montour retract his testimony before the Pennsylvania Assembly, but no one believed it.

George Croghan was to supply flour for the expedition and advise Washington on Indian affairs.

General Braddock alienated the other friendly Indians, yet Montour and the handful with George Croghan attended the gravely wounded general.

Teamsters Daniel Boone and Daniel Morgan fled on horseback as George Croghan pressed Braddock to relinquish command and, despite the general's refusal, apparently took charge.

George Croghan got Braddock off the battlefield with the help of Braddock's aide, the 23-year-old Washington.

George Croghan fortified it as Fort Shirley, one of four forts he built on the frontier.

George Croghan countered Seneca efforts to enlist the western Indians in an anti-British alliance; as he had in 1748, he organized the western groups into a confederacy independent of the Six Nations.

George Croghan considered the cost of maintaining peace with the Indians exorbitant, and cut Indian Department expenses to the bone.

When Indian attacks engulfed Ohio Country in 1763, George Croghan was in Philadelphia advising Governor Hamilton on Indian affairs and selling real estate.

George Croghan galloped to Lancaster where word reached him that his business partner Col.

George Croghan hired locals to carry ammunition and supplies from Fort Loudon to Bedford.

George Croghan survived, visiting Normandy historical sites on his journey to Le Havre, where he crossed the Channel to London.

George Croghan assigned the negotiations to his assistant, Alexander McKee.

Pennsylvania had proscribed trade with the Ohio Indians before a peace was established under a new treaty and as a Crown Indian agent, George Croghan was prohibited from engaging in Indian trade.

George Croghan's party was attacked near the mouth of the Wabash River by eighty Kickapoo and Mascouten warriors.

George Croghan led a group of speculators, including Benjamin Franklin and his son William Franklin, in pursuing land in the Ohio Country, the Illinois Country, and New York.

Weak from malaria, George Croghan accompanied Gordon and Hutchins to New Orleans.

When Gage refused, George Croghan publicly resigned as Deputy Indian agent.

George Croghan established a quiet retreat at his large parcel of land at Lake Otsego.

Crippled with gout and hounded by creditors, George Croghan sought refuge in George Croghan Forest, which totaled more than 250,000 acres.

George Croghan Hall gave the ailing George Croghan a refuge from lawsuits and debtors' prison, but he could do little more than watch as settlers poured into the Ohio Country on land he considered to be his.

Crawford surveyed land near Chartiers Creek for Washington that George Croghan claimed when his survey of an Indian deed fell far short of the 100,000 acres called for and he had it redone.

George Croghan's luck appeared to change when the Crown agreed to a new inland colony, Vandalia, appointing him as Indian agent and its largest land owner.

The British abandoned Fort Pitt that fall, and George Croghan had McKee tell the Indians that it was done to please them.

George Croghan kept the Seneca and Delaware neutral, but his cooperation with St Clair in defending the frontier prompted Connolly to accuse him of deserting Virginia.

George Croghan raised $6,000 in Virginia to buy directly from the Iroquois 1,500,000 acres on the eastern bank of the Allegheny River.

George Croghan easily disproved the charges and was reinstated in Dunmore's good graces.

The next month, George Croghan was hosting a conference with Indians to ratify the Treaty of Camp Charlotte when Connolly was arrested by Pennsylvanians and imprisoned at Hannastown.

General Hand examined Thomas Smallman's papers and although there was nothing to indicate George Croghan was disloyal, Hand ordered him to Philadelphia.

George Croghan deeded 74,000 acres of his Indian grant to the Gratzes, who paid his bills and financed another trip to Williamsburg to seek to have his Indian titles recognized by the state of Virginia, without success.

Bedridden with gout upon his return, George Croghan wrote few letters to family and friends.

George Croghan was buried in the churchyard of St Peter's Episcopal Church in Philadelphia.

Susannah George Croghan Prevost died in 1790, survived by six of her twelve children.

For decades, they pursued their claims to George Croghan's often clouded deeds in numerous lawsuits.

George Croghan was a flamboyant character like William Johnson, brash and grasping, but with a talent for diplomacy and relations with the Native Americans.

George Croghan's birthright was to name the Tekarihoga, the principal sachem of the Mohawk nation.