1. Ma Fuxiang was a Chinese Muslim scholar and military and political figure, spanning from the Qing Dynasty through the early Republic of China.
58 Facts About Ma Fuxiang
1. 2.
Ma Fuxiang's positions illustrated the power of family, the role of religious affiliations and the interaction of Inner Asian China and the national government of China.
3.
Ma Fuxiang was named the military governor of Xining and then of Altay, in Qing times.
4.
Ma Fuxiang held a large number of military posts in the northwestern region after the founding of the republic.
5.
Ma Fuxiang was governor of Qinghai in 1912, Ningxia from 1912 to 1920, and Suiyuan from 1920 to 1925.
6.
Ma Fuxiang was educated in the Quran and Spring and Autumn Annals.
7.
Ma Fuxiang started studying with Ma Fulu at a martial arts hall in 1889; he and Ma Fushou then studied military school three years later.
8.
Ma Fuxiang received his military training at Military School in Kansu.
9.
Ma Fuxiang had commanded a brigade, and Ma Fuxiang took over the position after his brother's death.
10.
Some Gansu Hui led by Ma Fuxiang joined the republicans.
11.
Gansu Hui general Ma Fuxiang did not participate with Ma Anliang in the battles with Shaanxi revolutionaries and refused to join the Qing Manchu Shengyun and Changgeng in their attempts to defend the Qing before the Qing abdication, instead the independence of Gansu from Qing control was jointly declared by non-Muslim gentry with Hui Muslim Ma Fuxiang.
12.
Ma Fuxiang was named military commander of Ningxia by president Yuan Shikai.
13.
Ma Fuxiang was supported by the bandit Kao Shih-hsiu.
14.
Ma Fuxiang defeated Kao in Ningxia in 1916 and the Mongol princes of Otoy, Uusin and Qanggin pledged their allegiance to the fake emperor, presenting him with rifles.
15.
On 19 June 1916, Kao arrived with his Emperor, badly defeated by Ma Fushou, the brother of Ma Fuxiang and withdrew through Otoy to Sandaohe.
16.
Ma Fuxiang dispatched Fushou with an army to attack Kao's army at Zuuqa temple and destroyed the band.
17.
Ma Fuxiang dispatched his nephew Ma Hongbin to attack Kao and Wu at Shizuishan.
18.
When Liu-chi was defeated, Ma Fuxiang ambushed him and defeated him again.
19.
Ma Fuxiang captured Yu Ling-yun, Su Xuefeng, Yao Zhankui, Zhang Zhenqing, Li Zongwen and several others; in all 18 men were executed.
20.
Ma Fuxiang wrote a commemorative inscription for men from Ningxia who died in the expedition against the bogus Emperor.
21.
Ma Fuxiang defeated brigands near Sandaohe and expelled them from Ningxia, according to Belgian Catholic missionary J Terstappen in 1915.
22.
Ma Fuxiang himself was considered the most eligible person to serve as Governor of Gansu after Zhang's unsuccessful term, because of his military service under the Qing and Republic of China and his rule over Ningxia.
23.
Ma Fuxiang invested in the wool trade and a factory that made matches.
24.
Ma Fuxiang effectively took Ma Anliang's place as de facto leader of Muslims in northwest China when Ma Anliang died in 1918.
25.
Ma Fuxiang was involved in relief efforts in Lanzhou during the 1920 Haiyuan earthquake.
26.
American businessmen reported that Ma Fuxiang considered modernizing infrastructure in the region with motorized transport.
27.
The Gelaohui and Ma Fuxiang came to an agreement in 1922, in which Ma Fuxiang agreed to allow the Gelaohui to extort protection money from wool merchants in Baotou.
28.
Ma Fuxiang controlled Baotou militarily while the central government in Beijing controlled Baotou's jurisdiction.
29.
Ma Fuxiang's nephew Ma Hongbin was in charge of his army, and his civil administrator was a non-Muslim.
30.
Ma Fuxiang's wife died in 1927 in Beijing, and a funeral was held in Hochow.
31.
In 1924, Ma Fuxiang met with Kuomintang leader Dr Sun Yat-sen in Beijing and informed him that he would welcome the leadership of Dr Sun.
32.
Ma Fuxiang then joined the Kuomintang during the Northern Expedition in 1928.
33.
Ma Fuxiang founded Islamic organizations sponsored by the Kuomintang, including the China Islamic Association.
34.
In Nanjing in April 1931 Ma Fuxiang attended a national leadership conference with Chiang Kai-shek and Zhang Xueliang, in which Chiang and Zhang dauntlessly upheld that Manchuria was part of China in the face of the Japanese invasion.
35.
Ma Fuxiang recruited Salars for his army, classifying them into five inner clans and eight outer clans.
36.
Ma Fuxiang designated the assimilated Tibetan-speaking Salars as the "outer" group.
37.
Ma Fuxiang had inherited his army from his family, from Ma Fulu and Ma Qianling.
38.
Ma Fuxiang then bequeathed it on to his son Ma Hongkui.
39.
Opium farming was already thriving in Suiyuan by the time Ma Fuxiang became the military governor in 1921, due to the fact that soldiers were not being paid their salaries at all, so they resorted to dealing with opium farmers to make money.
40.
In 1923, an officer of the Bank of China from Baotou found out that Ma Fuxiang was assisting the drug trade in opium which helped finance his military expenses.
41.
Ma Fuxiang earned a sum of $2 million from taxing those sales in 1923.
42.
On 11 September 1930, Ma Fuxiang celebrated his birthday in Suiyuan, Inner Mongolia, His annual opium profits reached $15,000,000.
43.
Ma Fuxiang's army contained many of the Chinese Muslim opium runners in western Inner Mongolia.
44.
Ma Fuxiang founded the Association for the Promoting of Islamic Teaching in 1918 in the provincial capital of Gansu.
45.
Ma Fuxiang believed that modern education would help Hui Chinese build a better society and help China resist foreign imperialism and help build the nation.
46.
Ma Fuxiang had both the military authority and economic power to help fund education.
47.
Ma Fuxiang established a public library in Ningxia, and sponsored various Muslim schools.
48.
Ma Fuxiang was a Chinese nationalist and a Confucianist, and was praised for his "guojia yizhi" by non-Muslims.
49.
Ma Fuxiang invested in new editions and reprintings of Confucian and Islamic texts.
50.
Ma Fuxiang thought his own Hui people fiercely loyal but "primitive" and lacking in "the educational and political privileges of the Han Chinese".
51.
Ma Fuxiang was considered "progressive" while the senior de facto leader of Muslims in Northwest China, Gen.
52.
Ma Fuxiang took a stance against religious sectarianism and the menhuan since he believed that it was the cause of violence, and in order to keep positive Han and Hui relations.
53.
Ma Fuxiang promoted education for Muslims instead of backing certain sects and Imams, and studied Confucianism, and republished Islamic texts and translations.
54.
Ma Fuxiang's brothers were Ma Fulu, Ma Fushou and Ma Fucai.
55.
Ma Fuxiang became a Sworn brother of President Chiang Kai-shek.
56.
Ma Fuxiang became so prominent and well known that some Jewish organizations in the United States claimed that his father was Jewish.
57.
Ma Fuxiang opened a session of the Mongolian Affairs Conference in 1931 with an inaugural speech.
58.
Ma Fuxiang died around Lianghsiang, 19 August 1932, while he was traveling to Beijing to receive medical treatment, from Chikungsan around Hankou.