An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum is transformed and refined into useful products such as gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.
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Oil refinery refineries are typically large, sprawling industrial complexes with extensive piping running throughout, carrying streams of fluids between large chemical processing units, such as distillation columns.
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Since December 2008, the world's largest oil refinery has been the Jamnagar Refinery owned by Reliance Industries, located in Gujarat, India, with a processing capacity of 1.
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An oil refinery is considered an essential part of the downstream side of the petroleum industry.
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Since 25 December 2008, the world's largest Oil refinery complex is the Jamnagar Refinery Complex, consisting of two refineries side by side operated by Reliance Industries Limited in Jamnagar, India with a combined production capacity of 1,240,000 barrels per day.
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Since the lighter liquid products are in great demand for use in internal combustion engines, a modern Oil refinery will convert heavy hydrocarbons and lighter gaseous elements into these higher-value products.
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Oil refinery can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes, alkenes, dienes, and alkynes.
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Oil refinery refineries are large-scale plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day.
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Oil refinery refineries produce various intermediate products such as hydrogen, light hydrocarbons, reformate and pyrolysis gasoline.
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Image below is a schematic flow diagram of a typical oil refinery that depicts the various unit processes and the flow of intermediate product streams that occurs between the inlet crude oil feedstock and the final end products.
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The diagram does not include any of the usual refinery facilities providing utilities such as steam, cooling water, and electric power as well as storage tanks for crude oil feedstock and for intermediate products and end products.
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Nevertheless, there are many instances where Oil refinery operations are close to populated areas and pose health risks.
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Notably, a meta-analysis which included data on more than 350,000 Oil refinery workers failed to find any statistically significant excess rates of cancer mortality, except for a marginally significant increase in melanoma deaths.
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