27 Facts About Galileo affair

Galileo affair began around 1610 and culminated with the trial and condemnation of Galileo Galilei by the Roman Catholic Inquisition in 1633.

Galileo affair was prosecuted for his support of heliocentrism, the astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the centre of the universe.

In 1610, Galileo affair published his Sidereus Nuncius, describing the observations that he had made with his new, much stronger telescope, amongst them, the Galilean moons of Jupiter.

In 1632 Galileo affair published his Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which defended heliocentrism, and was immensely popular.

At that point, heliocentric books were banned and Galileo affair was ordered to abstain from holding, teaching or defending heliocentric ideas after the trial.

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Originally Pope Urban VIII had been a patron to Galileo affair and had given him permission to publish on the Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a hypothesis, but after the publication in 1632, the patronage was broken off.

Galileo affair's contributions caused difficulties for theologians and natural philosophers of the time, as they contradicted scientific and philosophical ideas based on those of Aristotle and Ptolemy and closely associated with the Catholic Church.

In 1611, Galileo affair visited the Collegium Romanum in Rome, where the Jesuit astronomers by that time had repeated his observations.

Not all of Galileo affair's claims were completely accepted: Christopher Clavius, the most distinguished astronomer of his age, never was reconciled to the idea of mountains on the Moon, and outside the collegium many still disputed the reality of the observations.

Geocentrists who did verify and accept Galileo affair's findings had an alternative to Ptolemy's model in an alternative geocentric model proposed some decades earlier by Tycho Brahe – a model, in which, for example, Venus circled the Sun.

Galileo affair became involved in a dispute over priority in the discovery of sunspots with Christoph Scheiner, a Jesuit.

One of the first suggestions of heresy that Galileo affair had to deal with came in 1613 from a professor of philosophy, poet and specialist in Greek literature, Cosimo Boscaglia.

Galileo affair was defended on the spot by his former student Benedetto Castelli, now a professor of mathematics and Benedictine abbot.

Galileo affair soon heard reports that Lorini had obtained a copy of his letter to Castelli and was claiming that it contained many heresies.

Galileo affair heard that Caccini had gone to Rome and suspected him of trying to stir up trouble with Lorini's copy of the letter.

In going to Rome Galileo affair was acting against the advice of friends and allies, and of the Tuscan ambassador to Rome, Piero Guicciardini.

Galileo affair is mentioned by name in the letter, and a copy was sent to him.

Galileo affair's final argument was a rebuttal of an analogy that Foscarini had made between a moving Earth and a ship on which the passengers perceive themselves as apparently stationary and the receding shore as apparently moving.

Galileo affair did not write a response to Ingoli until 1624, in which, among other arguments and evidence, he listed the results of experiments such as dropping a rock from the mast of a moving ship.

Galileo affair's works advocating Copernicanism were therefore banned, and his sentence prohibited him from "teaching, defending… or discussing" Copernicanism.

Galileo affair's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, which was published in 1632 to great popularity, was an account of conversations between a Copernican scientist, Salviati, an impartial and witty scholar named Sagredo, and a ponderous Aristotelian named Simplicio, who employed stock arguments in support of geocentricity, and was depicted in the book as being an intellectually inept fool.

The painting depicts an imprisoned Galileo affair apparently pointing to a copy of the phrase written on the wall of his dungeon.

Galileo affair continued his work on mechanics, and in 1638 he published a scientific book in Holland.

Pope Urban VIII had been a patron to Galileo affair and had given him permission to publish on the Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a hypothesis, but after the publication in 1632, the patronage broke due to Galileo affair placing Urban's own arguments, which sided with the scientific consensus view at the time, in the mouth of a simpleton character named "Simplicio" in the book and this caused great offense to the Pope.

The problem of Galileo affair was presented to the pope by court insiders and enemies of Galileo affair, following claims by a Spanish cardinal that Urban was a poor defender of the church.

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Multiple authors – for example Paul Feyerabend – have argued that the Catholic Church, rather than Galileo affair, was scientifically justified in the dispute over the placement and rotation of the Sun and Earth, given available knowledge at the time.

Copernicus's De Revolutionibus and Galileo affair's Dialogue were then subsequently omitted from the next edition of the Index when it appeared in 1835.