49 Facts About Hoa people

Hoa people are citizens of Vietnam of full or partial Chinese origin.

Chinese migration into Vietnam dates back millennia but most Hoa people today derive their recent ancestral Chinese heritage from the 18th century, especially from southern Chinese provinces.

Many Hoa had their businesses and property confiscated by the Communists after 1975, and many fled the country as boat people due to persecution by the newly established Communist government.

Hoa people persecution intensified in the late 1970s, which was one of the underlying reasons for the Sino-Vietnamese War.

Hoa people was the first of many such people to emerge as strong regional leaders who nurtured the local society in the context of Chinese civilization.

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The Chinese of Vietnamese ancestry became assimilated while still maintaining their Chinese identity with the native Hoa people and absorbed into the "social, economic and political environment" in Northern Vietnam.

Analysis of Vietnamese Kinh Hoa people's genetics show that within the last 800 years there was mixture between a southeast asian-like ancestral component and a related ancestral component to Chinese component that happens to fit the time period in which Kinh expanded south from their Red river delta homeland in Nam tien which matches the event 700 years ago when the Cham population suffered massive losses.

Hoa people lived among the Trai at the border regions as their leader and seized the Ming-ruled lowland Kinh areas after originally forming his base in the southern highland regions.

The Thanh Nhan Chinese in Gia Ðinh and Bien Hoa people sided with Gia Long, whereas some Chinese in the Mekong Delta regions sided with the Khmers until the late 1790s.

At first, they sought to pressure ethnic Chinese to adopt Vietnamese citizenship, but only a handful of Hoa people cadres complied, most of whom were heavily assimilated individuals anyway.

The regime made repeated efforts to transform the Chinese minority schools into mixed Chinese-Vietnamese schools in which Hoa people children were to study together with Vietnamese pupils and the curriculum was to be based on the standard North Vietnamese curriculum.

Hoa people communities offered widespread resistance and clashes left the streets of Cholon "full of corpses".

The economic power of the Hoa people is far greater than that of their proportion would suggest relative to their small population in addition to the Chinese community being socioeconomically successful for hundreds of years than the indigenous host Kinh population.

The Hoa people wield tremendous economic clout over their Kinh majority counterparts and play a critical role in maintaining the country's economic vitality and prosperity prior to having their property confiscated by the Vietnamese Communists after 1975.

In turn, other Hoa people manufactured goods such as porcelain, silver bars, and various metals were traded.

Around this time, the Hoa people began to establish their own trading and social associations, the latter of which is referred to as bang in Vietnamese to protect their own economic interests.

Hoa people were notoriously enterprising entrepreneurs that traded and manufactured a myriad of goods and services of value ranging from fine Chinese silk to black incense.

The economic clout wielded by the Hoa people coupled with repeated military incursions and other invasive attempts by succeeding Chinese dynasties to conquer and dominate Vietnam inflamed anti-Chinese sentiment, hostility, bitterness, and resentment from their Kinh counterparts.

The Hoa people monopolized the entire internal gold procurement and distribution system.

Hoa people businessmen collaborated with the French and other European capitalists in tapping the natural riches and exploiting the indigenous Kinh via the laissez-faire economic system at the expense of the Kinh in order to enrich themselves.

Almost all the major import items such as machinery, transport equipment, building materials, and luxury goods were undertaken by French companies, while the Hoa people operated as intermediaries for the French colonial authorities in exchange for a commission.

From 1905 to 1918, the Hoa people controlled 36 out of the 41 total rice mills in Cho Lon.

Stiff competition and high rates of attrition between the Hoa people fishermen displaced their indigenous Kinh counterparts away from the local fish export trade.

Many Hoa people delved into coconut and peanut oil production and began their humble business careers as lowly menial laborers on French rubber plantations and eventually worked their way up to start their own tea, pepper, and rice plantations to supply the domestic Vietnamese market.

Hoa people gardeners monopolized the grocery stores in the suburban areas of Saigon and Chinese-owned restaurants and hotels began to germinate in every urban Vietnamese market center.

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Hoa people merchants delved into the rice, liquor, opium, and spice trade, where they set up plantations in the rural hinterlands of the Mekong delta and sold their products in Cholon.

In 1961, the Hoa people controlled 80 percent of all the capital in Vietnam's retail trade and 75 percent of the entire nation's commercial activities.

In particular, Hoa people businessmen operated restaurants and hotels as a stepping stone to eventually scale up and venture out into other businesses since these businesses turned in a quick profit while requiring negligible amounts of startup capital to launch.

Hoa people were the pioneers of the Vietnamese financial services sector, being the corporate masterminds behind the emergence of some of Vietnam's early banking houses.

Furthermore, the Hoa people controlled foreign branches of banks based in Mainland China such as the Bank of China, Bank of Communications, and Bank of East Asia, all of which had a direct presence in pioneering Vietnam's banking sector.

Chinese-owned businesses controlled much of the economic activity in Saigon in South Vietnam where Hoa people controlled 80 percent of South Vietnam's overall industry despite making up a tiny percentage of South Vietnam's population.

The war prompted the South Vietnamese government to gradually deregulate the economy, adopting relatively liberal market policies that caused the local Hoa people to exploit local business opportunities as well as extending their economic dominance into the light industry.

In 1972, Hoa people owned 28 of the 32 banks in South Vietnam, handled more than 60 percent of the total volume of goods imported into South Vietnam through American aid, and comprised 84 percent of the direct and indirect shipping importers.

The Hoa people controlled nearly two-thirds of the amount of cash in circulation, 80 percent of the processing industry, 80 percent of the fixed assets in manufacturing, 100 percent of the wholesale trade, 50 percent of the retail trade, and 90 percent of the export and import trade.

Hoa people completely monopolized 100 percent of the grain trade and obtained 80 percent of the credits from South Vietnamese banks, as well as owning 42 out of the 60 companies with a turnover of more than 1 billion piasters including major banks, and accounted for two-thirds of the total annual investments in the South.

Hoa people were responsible for generating 75 percent of the commercial economic output in South Vietnam in 1975, including controlling 100 percent of the domestic wholesale trade, 80 percent of the industry, 70 percent of the foreign trade, and presided over half the country's retail trade.

Hoa people acted as agents for expatriate Mainland and Overseas Chinese investors outside of Vietnam that act as their underlying providers of economic intelligence.

Much like the bamboo network, Hoa people-owned business enterprises and business networks following Ðoi Moi center on family management where the company's senior management teams work in unison with the founder's relatives to maintain the organization's day-to-day corporate activities.

The Hoa people dominated Vietnam's processing sectors such as the cooking oil, dairy, cosmetics, plastics, and rubber industries in addition to controlling 80 percent of the largest metallurgical factories in South Vietnam.

Hoa people served as the Director of the Vitaco shipping line and was a majority controlling shareholder in several Vietnamese banks.

The Hoa people have dominated several types of businesses such as selling rice, crewed junk, rice transportation, and shipbuilding during their early arrival to Vietnam.

In South Vietnam, Hoa people controlled more than 90 percent of the non-European capital, 80 percent of the food, textile, chemical, metallurgy, engineering, and electrical industries, 100 percent of the wholesale trade, more than 50 percent of the retail trade, and 90 percent of the import-export trade.

Economic dominance by the Hoa people presided accusations from the Kinh majority who felt that they could not compete with Chinese businesses.

The open-door policy and economic reforms of Vietnam coupled with the country's improved relations with neighboring Southeast Asian countries has resuscitated the entrepreneurial presence and economic clout that the Hoa people previously held with regards to the vital roles that they once predominantly played across Vietnam's economy.

Since then, the Hoa people have begun contributing significantly to the expansion of Vietnamese internal markets and capital accumulation for small-scale industrial business development.

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In Ho Chi Minh City alone, Hoa people entrepreneurs are responsible for generating 50 percent of the city's commercial market activity as well as percolating their economic primacy into cornering Vietnam's light industry, import-export trade, shopping malls, and private banking sector.

In 1996, Hoa people entrepreneurs continued to dominate Vietnam's private industry and were responsible for generating an estimated $4 billion in business output, making up one-fifth of Vietnam's aggregate domestic business output.

The Hoa people had constituted the largest ethnic minority group in the mid 20th century and its population had previously peaked at 1.

In 2007, the Chinese government began drafting legislation to grant full Chinese citizenship to Indochinese refugees, including the ethnic Hoa people which make up the majority, living within its borders.