49 Facts About Vietnam

Vietnam was inhabited by the Paleolithic age, with states established in the first millennium BC on the Red River Delta in modern-day northern Vietnam.

The Vietnam War began shortly after, during which the nation was divided into communist North supported by the Soviet Union and China, and anti-communist South supported by the United States.

Vietnam has high levels of corruption, censorship and a poor human rights record; the country ranks among the lowest in international measurements of civil liberties, freedom of the press and freedom of religion and ethnic minorities.

Vietnam consolidated the Lac Viet and Au Viet tribes to form the Au Lac, proclaiming himself An Duong Vuong.

Nguyen Anh unified Vietnam, and established the Nguyen dynasty, ruling under the name Gia Long.

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From its foundation, the Paris Foreign Missions Society under Propaganda Fide actively sent missionaries to Vietnam, entering Cochinchina first in 1664 and Tonkin first in 1666.

Vietnam was further divided into North and South administrative regions at the Demilitarised Zone, roughly along the 17th parallel north, pending elections scheduled for July 1956.

From 1960, the Soviet Union and North Vietnam signed treaties providing for further Soviet military support.

In December 1974, North Vietnam captured the province of Phuoc Long and started a full-scale offensive, culminating in the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam.

Subsequently, Vietnam's economy achieved strong growth in agricultural and industrial production, construction, exports, and foreign investment, although these reforms resulted in a rise in income inequality and gender disparities.

Vietnam is located on the eastern Indochinese Peninsula between the latitudes 8° and 24°N, and the longitudes 102° and 110°E.

Southern Vietnam is divided into coastal lowlands, the mountains of the Annamite Range, and extensive forests.

The soil in much of the southern part of Vietnam is relatively low in nutrients as a result of intense cultivation.

Vietnam's fauna includes 307 nematode species, 200 oligochaeta, 145 acarina, 113 springtails, 7, 750 insects, 260 reptiles, and 120 amphibians.

Vietnam has two World Natural Heritage Sites—the Ha Long Bay and Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park—together with nine biosphere reserves, including Can Gio Mangrove Forest, Cat Tien, Cat Ba, Kien Giang, the Red River Delta, Mekong Delta, Western Nghe An, Ca Mau, and Cu Lao Cham Marine Park.

Vietnam is home to 1, 438 species of freshwater microalgae, constituting 9.

In 2000, a non-governmental organisation called Education for Nature – Vietnam was founded to instill in the population the importance of wildlife conservation in the country.

One of the long-term plans to restore southern Vietnam's damaged ecosystems is through the use of reforestation efforts.

Vietnam is a unitary Marxist-Leninist one-party socialist republic, one of the two communist states in Southeast Asia.

Under the constitution, the Communist Party of Vietnam asserts their role in all branches of the country's politics and society.

The Supreme People's Court of Vietnam, headed by a chief justice, is the country's highest court of appeal, though it is answerable to the National Assembly.

Vietnam holds membership in 63 international organisations, including the United Nations, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM), International Organisation of the Francophonie (La Francophonie), and World Trade Organization (WTO).

Since the 1990s, Vietnam has taken several key steps to restore diplomatic ties with capitalist Western countries.

Pakistan reopened its embassy in Hanoi in October 2000, with Vietnam reopening its embassy in Islamabad in December 2005 and trade office in Karachi in November 2005.

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In 2017, Vietnam signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.

Under strict state control, Vietnam's economy continued to be plagued by inefficiency, corruption in state-owned enterprises, poor quality and underproduction.

Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has applied sequenced trade liberalisation, a two-track approach opening some sectors of the economy to international markets.

In 2010, Vietnam was ranked as the eighth-largest crude petroleum producer in the Asia and Pacific region.

Vietnam has a millennium-deep legacy of analytical histories, such as the Ðai Viet su ky toan thu of Ngo Si Lien.

Vietnam has made significant advances in the development of robots, such as the TOPIO humanoid model.

Vietnam was ranked 44th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, it has increased its ranking considerably since 2012, where it was ranked 76th.

Vietnam hosted roughly 13 million tourists in 2017, an increase of 29.

Vietnam operates 20 major civil airports, including three international gateways: Noi Bai in Hanoi, Da Nang International Airport in Ða Nang and Tan Son Nhat in Ho Chi Minh City.

Several private airlines operate in Vietnam, including Air Mekong, Bamboo Airways, Jetstar Pacific Airlines, VASCO and VietJet Air.

Telecommunications services in Vietnam are wholly provided by the Vietnam Post and Telecommunications General Corporation which is a state-owned company.

Since the partition, North Vietnam has established a public health system that has reached down to the hamlet level.

Since the early 2000s, Vietnam has made significant progress in combating malaria.

That year, the United States announced Vietnam would be one of 15 states to receive funding as part of its global AIDS relief plan.

Vietnam has an extensive state-controlled network of schools, colleges, and universities and a growing number of privately run and partially privatised institutions.

General education in Vietnam is divided into five categories: kindergarten, elementary schools, middle schools, high schools, and universities.

Furthermore, the urbanisation movement in Vietnam is mainly between the rural areas and the country's Southeast region.

Several other minority faiths exist in Vietnam, these include: Bani, Sunni and non-denominational sections of Islam which is practised primarily among the ethnic Cham minority.

Vietnam remains a full member of the International Organisation of the Francophonie and education has revived some interest in the language.

Vietnam's culture has developed over the centuries from indigenous ancient Ðong Son culture with wet rice cultivation as its economic base.

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Vietnam has a strong street food culture, with 40 popular dishes commonly found throughout the country.

The Voice of Vietnam is the official state-run national radio broadcasting service, broadcasting internationally via shortwave using rented transmitters in other countries and providing broadcasts from its website, while Vietnam Television (VTV) is the national television broadcasting company.

Since 1997, Vietnam has regulated public internet access extensively using both legal and technical means.

Vietnam has participated in the Summer Olympic Games since 1952, when it competed as the State of Vietnam.