19 Facts About Manganese

Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25.

Manganese is a transition metal with a multifaceted array of industrial alloy uses, particularly in stainless steels.

Manganese oxide is used as an oxidising agent; as a rubber additive; and in glass making, fertilisers, and ceramics.

Manganese is an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems.

Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion.

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Manganese compounds were used by Egyptian and Roman glassmakers, either to add to, or remove, color from glass.

Manganese is mainly mined in South Africa, Australia, China, Gabon, Brazil, India, Kazakhstan, Ghana, Ukraine and Malaysia.

Manganese occurs in soils in three oxidation states: the divalent cation, Mn and as brownish-black oxides and hydroxides containing Mn, such as MnOOH and MnO2.

Manganese has no satisfactory substitute in its major applications in metallurgy.

Manganese is essential to iron and steel production by virtue of its sulfur-fixing, deoxidizing, and alloying properties, as first recognized by the British metallurgist Robert Forester Mushet who, in 1856, introduced the element, in the form of Spiegeleisen, into steel for the specific purpose of removing excess dissolved oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus in order to improve its malleability.

Manganese oxide is used as a reagent in organic chemistry for the oxidation of benzylic alcohols .

Manganese dioxide has been used since antiquity to oxidize and neutralize the greenish tinge in glass from trace amounts of iron contamination.

Manganese oxide was used in the original type of dry cell battery as an electron acceptor from zinc, and is the blackish material in carbon–zinc type flashlight cells.

Manganese compounds have been used as pigments and for the coloring of ceramics and glass.

Manganese reacts with iron to reduce strong green color in glass by forming less-colored iron and slightly pink manganese, compensating for the residual color of the iron.

Manganese is important in photosynthetic oxygen evolution in chloroplasts in plants.

Manganese compounds are less toxic than those of other widespread metals, such as nickel and copper.

Manganese poisoning has been linked to impaired motor skills and cognitive disorders.

Manganese overexposure is most frequently associated with manganism, a rare neurological disorder associated with excessive manganese ingestion or inhalation.