Russian Compound is one of the oldest districts in central Jerusalem, featuring a large Russian Orthodox church, the Russian-owned Sergei's Courtyard and the premises of the Russian Consulate General in Jerusalem, as well as the site of former pilgrim hostels, some of which are used as Israeli government buildings, and one of which hosts the Museum of Underground Prisoners.
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Turkish cavalry parade ground during Ottoman rule, and originally known as “New Jerusalem”, the "Russian Compound" is a historical area abounding in heritage, scenery and unique environmental features.
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Russian Compound had begun to develop in the early 19th century with the opening of the first hospital for pilgrims outside of the Old City walls.
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All the building materials, as well as the furniture, were brought from Russia by a Russian Compound shipping line established especially for that purpose, which brought shiploads of pilgrims.
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Russian Compound was made one of the bases for the British Mandate in Jerusalem, and became a centre of government administration.
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The Russian Mission used to use the building; presently it still has an office in the back of the building, however its center is on the Mount of Olives, directly east of the compound.
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In 1903 another hospice for Russian Compound pilgrims was built, the Nikolai Pilgrims Hospice, named for Tsar Nicholas II, which was large enough to hold 1,200 guests.
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Recent archaeological excavations suggest that Jerusalem's ancient "Third Wall, " built by Agrippa I, extended as far as the Russian Compound, seeing that the newly uncovered section of a wall, measuring 6.
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