16 Facts About Second-order cybernetics

Second-order cybernetics, known as the cybernetics of cybernetics, is the recursive application of cybernetics to itself and the reflexive practice of cybernetics according to such a critique.

Second-order cybernetics was developed between the late 1960s and mid 1970s by Heinz von Foerster and others, with key inspiration coming from Margaret Mead.

Second-order cybernetics can be abbreviated as C2 or SOC, and is sometimes referred to as the cybernetics of cybernetics, or, more rarely, the new cybernetics, or second cybernetics.

Foerster promoted second-order cybernetics energetically, developing it as a means of renewal for cybernetics generally and as what has been called an "unfinished revolution" in science.

Relationship of first order and second-order cybernetics can be compared to that between Isaac Newton's view of the universe and that of Albert Einstein.

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Just as Newton's description remains appropriate and usable in many circumstances, even flights to the moon, so first order Second-order cybernetics provides everything that is needed in many circumstances.

Second-order cybernetics is closely identified with Heinz von Foerster and the work of the Biological Computer Laboratory at the University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign.

Second-order cybernetics has been a point of reference in the creative arts, including in theatre studies and music theory.

Second-order cybernetics has contributed to design in areas including design computation, design methods, and the relationship between design and research.

Ideas of second-order cybernetics have been influential in systemic and constructivist approaches to family therapy, with Bateson's work at the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto being a key influence.

Family therapists influenced by aspects of second-order cybernetics include Lynn Hoffman, Bradford Keeney and Paul Watzlawick.

Second-order cybernetics was influenced by George Spencer Brown's Laws of Form, which was later developed by Francisco Varela into a calculus for self-reference.

Mathematicians and logicians working in second-order cybernetics include Gotthard Gunther, Lars Lofgren, and Louis Kauffman.

One characteristic of new Second-order cybernetics is that it views information as constructed by an individual interacting with the environment.

Social Second-order cybernetics is indeed more than such a one-way knowledge transfer.

In summary, the new socioSecond-order cybernetics is much more subjective and uses a sociological approach more than classical Second-order cybernetics approach with its emphasis on control.