The earlier version of the withdrawal agreement was rejected by the House of Commons on three occasions, leading to the resignation of Theresa May as Prime Minister and the appointment of Boris Johnson as the new prime minister on 24 July 2019.
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The Withdrawal agreement was ratified by the Council of the European Union on 30 January 2020, following the consent of the European Parliament on 29 January 2020.
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On 22 October 2019 the revised withdrawal agreement negotiated by Boris Johnson's government cleared the first stage in Parliament, but Johnson paused the legislative process when the accelerated programme for approval failed to achieve the necessary support, and announced his intention to call a general election.
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On 23 January 2020, Parliament ratified the agreement by passing the Withdrawal Agreement Act; on 29 January 2020, the European Parliament gave its consent to the withdrawal agreement.
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Closely connected to the withdrawal agreement is a non-binding political declaration on the future EU–UK relationship.
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Northern Ireland Protocol, known familiarly as the "Irish backstop", was an annex to the November 2018 draft Withdrawal agreement that described the provisions to prevent a hard border in Ireland after the United Kingdom leaves the European Union.
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Article 164 establishes a joint committee for the implementation of the Withdrawal agreement, which is co-chaired by the EU and the UK and has 6 specialised committees.
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The Withdrawal Agreement delegated some arrangements relating to the UK's separation from the EU to the Joint Committee to decide upon.
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On 15 November 2018, the day after the Withdrawal agreement was presented and received backing from the cabinet of the British government, several members of the government resigned, including Dominic Raab, Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union.
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The key point within the advice covered the legal effect of the "backstop" Withdrawal agreement governing Northern Ireland, the Republic of Ireland and the rest of the UK, in regard to the customs border between the EU and UK, and its implications for the Good Friday Withdrawal agreement which had led to the end of the Troubles in Northern Ireland, and specifically, whether the UK would be certain of being able to leave the EU in a practical sense, under the draft proposals.
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Ursula von der Leyen warned Johnson not to break international law, saying that the UK's implementation of the withdrawal agreement was a "prerequisite for any future partnership".
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The European Parliament, which had yet to ratify the Withdrawal agreement, has postponed its decision pending a resolution to the proposed infringement.
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