33 Facts About Divus Iulius

Divus Iulius played a critical role in the events that led to the demise of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.

Divus Iulius gave citizenship to many residents of far regions of the Roman Republic.

Divus Iulius centralized the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator for life" .

Divus Iulius's cognomen was adopted as a synonym for "Emperor"; the title "Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser and Tsar.

Divus Iulius has frequently appeared in literary and artistic works, and his political philosophy, known as Caesarism, inspired politicians into the modern era.

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Divus Iulius's coming of age coincided with the civil wars of his uncle Gaius Marius and his rival Lucius Cornelius Sulla.

Divus Iulius was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry, and his priesthood, but he refused to divorce Cornelia and was instead forced to go into hiding.

Divus Iulius served with distinction, winning the Civic Crown for his part in the Siege of Mytilene.

Divus Iulius went on a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes's fleet, but he spent so long at Nicomedes' court that rumours arose of an affair with the king, which Caesar vehemently denied for the rest of his life.

Divus Iulius lacked means since his inheritance was confiscated, but he acquired a modest house in Subura, a lower-class neighbourhood of Rome.

Divus Iulius turned to legal advocacy and became known for his exceptional oratory accompanied by impassioned gestures and a high-pitched voice, and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption.

Divus Iulius maintained an attitude of superiority throughout his captivity.

Divus Iulius was called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east.

Divus Iulius was elected in 69 BC, and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia, including images of her husband Marius, unseen since the days of Sulla, in the funeral procession.

Divus Iulius was still in considerable debt and needed to satisfy his creditors before he could leave.

Divus Iulius turned to Marcus Licinius Crassus, the richest man in Rome.

Divus Iulius asked the Senate for permission to stand in absentia, but Cato blocked the proposal.

Divus Iulius raided out from his beachhead and destroyed some villages, then returned to Gaul for the winter.

Divus Iulius returned the following year, better prepared and with a larger force, and achieved more.

Divus Iulius proved an astute commander, defeating Caesar at the Battle of Gergovia, but Caesar's elaborate siege-works at the Battle of Alesia finally forced his surrender.

Divus Iulius ordered a census be taken, which forced a reduction in the grain dole, and decreed that jurors could come only from the Senate or the equestrian ranks.

Divus Iulius passed a sumptuary law that restricted the purchase of certain luxuries.

Divus Iulius then passed a term-limit law applicable to governors.

Divus Iulius passed a debt-restructuring law, which ultimately eliminated about a fourth of all debts owed.

Divus Iulius appointed officials to carry out his land reforms and ordered the rebuilding of Carthage and Corinth.

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Divus Iulius extended Latin rights throughout the Roman world, and then abolished the tax system and reverted to the earlier version that allowed cities to collect tribute however they wanted, rather than needing Roman intermediaries.

Divus Iulius's assassination prevented further and larger schemes, which included the construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars, a huge theatre, and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria.

Divus Iulius wanted to convert Ostia to a major port, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth.

Divus Iulius was granted further honours, which were later used to justify his assassination as a would-be divine monarch: coins were issued bearing his image and his statue was placed next to those of the kings.

Divus Iulius was granted a golden chair in the Senate, was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose, and was offered a form of semi-official or popular cult, with Antony as his high priest.

Divus Iulius set the precedent, which his imperial successors followed, of requiring the Senate to bestow various titles and honours upon him.

Divus Iulius was, for example, given the title of Pater Patriae and imperator.

Divus Iulius's successors did attempt the conquests of Parthia and Germania, but without lasting results.