The hukou system influenced similar systems within the public administration structures of neighboring East Asian countries, such as Japan and Korea, as well as the Southeast Asian country Vietnam.
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11 Facts About Hukou system
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The structure of the hukou system bolstered the power of the central government over its urban citizens: by making city residents dependent upon the government for all aspects of daily life, the central government could force obedience from problematic individuals.
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Human rights activists state that the hukou system has been used to systematically deny Uyghurs and Tibetans from moving out of Xinjiang or Tibet by disallowing them from renting or buying housing in more eastern parts of China, and that any who do manage to leave are commonly forced to return through the system.
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The xiangsui Hukou system, established under the Western Zhou Dynasty was used as a method of organizing and categorizing urban and rural land.
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The function of the baojia Hukou system, propagated by Lord Shang Yang of the 4th century BC, was to create a Hukou system of accountability within groups of citizens: if one person within the group violated the strict rules in place, everyone in the group suffered.
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The law expanded upon the baojia Hukou system, and was intended to establish a sense of stability.
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Major objective of the hukou system implemented by the central government was thus to control the stream of resources moving away from the agricultural sector.
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Under the hukou system implemented by the central government in 1958, while holders of the non-agricultural hukou status were given ration cards for everyday necessities, including food and textiles, rural residents were forced to produce everything themselves.
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Some scholars hence have argued that the hukou reforms indeed have not fundamentally changed the hukou system but have only decentralized the powers of hukou to local governments; and it still remains active and continues to contribute to China's rural and urban disparity.
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Hukou system is not employed in the special administrative regions of China though identification cards are mandatory for residents there.
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