215 Facts About Joe Biden

Joe Biden was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and the US Senate in 1972.

Joe Biden drafted and led passage of the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act.

Joe Biden oversaw six US Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.

Joe Biden opposed the Gulf War in 1991 but voted in favor of the Iraq War Resolution in 2002.

Joe Biden ran unsuccessfully for the 1988 and 2008 Democratic presidential nominations.

In 2008, Obama chose Joe Biden as his running mate, and he was a close counselor to Obama as vice president.

Joe Biden became the first president with a woman vice president.

Joe Biden appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court of the United States.

Joe Biden oversaw the complete withdrawal of US troops that ended the war in Afghanistan, leading to the Taliban seizing control.

Joe Biden responded to the Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing aid to Ukraine.

Joe Biden became the first president to turn 80 while in office.

Joe Biden initially ran for reelection and, after the Democratic primaries, became the party's presumptive nominee in the 2024 presidential election.

Joe Biden's administration is ranked favorably by historians and scholars, diverging from public assessments of his tenure.

Joe Biden was the oldest child in a Catholic family of mostly Irish descent.

Joe Biden has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.

At Archmere Academy in Claymont, Joe Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.

At the University of Delaware in Newark, Joe Biden briefly played freshman football, and, as an unexceptional student, received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a double major in history and political science in 1965.

Joe Biden had a stutter and has mitigated it since his early twenties.

Joe Biden married Neilia Hunter, a student at Syracuse University, on August 27,1966, after overcoming her parents' disinclination for her to wed a Catholic.

Joe Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law in 1968.

Joe Biden's grades were relatively poor, and he graduated 76th in a class of 85.

Joe Biden was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.

Joe Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett in 1968 and self-identified as a Republican.

Joe Biden disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L Terry's conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.

In 1969, Joe Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a law firm headed by a locally active Democrat, who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party; Joe Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.

Joe Biden ran for the fourth district seat on the New Castle County Council in 1970 on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.

Joe Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Richard Nixon's conduct of the war.

Joe Biden was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs and, with minimal campaign funds, was thought to have no chance of winning.

Joe Biden received help from the AFL-CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.

Joe Biden's platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care and public dissatisfaction with "politics as usual".

Joe Biden considered resigning to care for them, but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.

Joe Biden contemplated suicide and was filled with anger and religious doubt.

Joe Biden wrote that he "felt God had played a horrible trick" on him and had trouble focusing on work.

Joe Biden met teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.

In December 2024, Joe Biden pardoned Hunter following his conviction on gun and tax charges despite repeated promises that he would not do so.

Joe Biden was junior senator to William Roth until Roth was defeated in 2000.

Joe Biden remains one of the longest-serving senators in US history.

Joe Biden was the first US senator to endorse Governor Jimmy Carter for president in the 1976 Democratic primary.

Joe Biden received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration's support of South Africa despite its policy of apartheid.

Joe Biden supported a 1976 measure forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them.

Joe Biden co-sponsored a 1977 amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.

Joe Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981.

Joe Biden was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act in 1984.

Joe Biden's supporters praised him for modifying some of the law's worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.

In 1994, Joe Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons, and the Violence Against Women Act, which he has called his most significant legislation.

Joe Biden voted for a 1993 provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gay people from serving in the armed forces.

Joe Biden voted to acquit during the impeachment of Bill Clinton.

Bill Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act, with Joe Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.

In February 1988, after several episodes of severe neck pain, Joe Biden underwent surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.

Joe Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

Joe Biden chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.

Conservatives were angered, but at the hearings' close Joe Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.

Joe Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.

The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Joe Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.

Liberal legal advocates and women's groups felt strongly that Joe Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.

Joe Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee.

Joe Biden became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.

Joe Biden collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.

Joe Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991.

Joe Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.

Once the Bosnian War broke out, Joe Biden was among the first to call for the "lift and strike" policy.

Joe Biden worked on several versions of legislative language urging the US toward greater involvement.

Joe Biden has called his role in affecting Balkan policy in the mid-1990s his "proudest moment in public life" related to foreign policy.

In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Joe Biden supported the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia.

Joe Biden eventually became a critic of the war, calling his vote a "mistake" by 2005, but did not push for withdrawal.

Joe Biden supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should "level with the American people" about its cost and length.

Joe Biden opposed the troop surge of 2007, saying General David Petraeus was "dead, flat wrong" in believing the surge could work.

Joe Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.

Joe Biden declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9,1987.

Joe Biden was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers.

Joe Biden raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.

Joe Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that Jackson had used the same material by Humphrey that Joe Biden had used.

The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures, and on September 23,1987, Joe Biden withdrew his candidacy.

Joe Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience.

Joe Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton.

Joe Biden never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates.

Joe Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.

Joe Biden's vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee and then-governor of Alaska, Sarah Palin.

Under instructions from the campaign, Joe Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks.

Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Joe Biden apologized to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.

Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters' expectations, Joe Biden had still won the debate overall.

In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election, but with Obama's popularity declining, White House Chief of Staff William M Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden with Hillary Clinton.

Joe Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were irked, since Obama had planned to shift position in the build-up to the party convention.

Joe Biden had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.

Joe Biden was the first vice president from Delaware and the first Roman Catholic vice president.

White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel said Joe Biden helped counter groupthink.

Joe Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.

Joe Biden visited Kosovo in May 2009 and affirmed the US position that its "independence is irreversible".

Joe Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan, but his skepticism was valued, and his views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.

Obama delegated Joe Biden to oversee Iraq policy, and he became the administration's point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership before the exit of US troops in 2011.

Joe Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.

Joe Biden led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.

Some reports suggest that Joe Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 US mission to kill Osama bin Laden, lest failure adversely affect Obama's reelection prospects.

Joe Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20,2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding.

Joe Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013.

Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of direct talks with Congress, feeling Joe Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.

Joe Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.

Joe Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.

In 2017, Joe Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.

Joe Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.

Joe Biden continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.

Joe Biden launched his campaign on April 25,2019, saying he was worried by the Trump administration and felt a "sense of duty".

Joe Biden had previously called himself a "tactile politician" and admitted this behavior had caused trouble for him.

Joe Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead.

When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8,2020, Joe Biden became the Democratic Party's presumptive nominee.

Joe Biden was elected the 46th president in November 2020, defeating the incumbent, Donald Trump.

Joe Biden's transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.

Joe Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20,2021.

Joe Biden was the second Catholic US president, after John F Kennedy, and the first president elected from the state of Delaware.

On March 11, Joe Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus and relief package that he had proposed to support the United States' recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Joe Biden's decision met with a range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.

In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Joe Biden said that it was "gigantically important" for Americans to be vaccinated.

In 2022, Joe Biden endorsed a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act.

Joe Biden supported the Bipartisan Safer Communities Act aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas; he signed the bill on June 25,2022.

In 2022, Joe Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages.

In June 2024, Joe Biden issued an executive action offering amnesty to unauthorized immigrants married to American citizens.

In January 2025, Joe Biden declared the lapsed Equal Rights Amendment ratified as the "28th Amendment" to the constitution.

Joe Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages, and stock market returns, amid significantly elevated inflation.

Joe Biden signed numerous major pieces of economic legislation in the 117th Congress, including the American Rescue Plan, Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, CHIPS and Science Act, and the Inflation Reduction Act.

Joe Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9,2022.

In 2022, Joe Biden blocked a national railroad strike planned by multiple labor unions.

Joe Biden joined striking UAW workers' picket line in Michigan, becoming the first president to join a picket line.

Joe Biden refused to block a port strike from the International Longshoremen's Association in October 2024.

Joe Biden claimed that the partial rollback of Dodd-Frank regulations contributed to the bank's failure.

Joe Biden extended the COVID-19 student loan pause through September 2023, with an "on ramp" period that extended some of the pause's protections against credit reporting, collection efforts, and late payment fees through September 30,2024.

Joe Biden prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in US history, with most of his appointees being women and people of color.

Joe Biden expressed interest in judicial term limits and a binding ethics code for Supreme Court justices.

Joe Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.

In July 2023, when heat waves hit the United States, Joe Biden announced measures to protect the population and said the heat waves were linked to climate change.

Joe Biden protected 674 million acres of land and ocean from natural resource exploitation, more than any other president.

Joe Biden used humanitarian parole to an unprecedented degree to mitigate illegal border crossings, allowing migrants to fly into the US or schedule their entries through official entry points in the US-Mexico border.

In January 2024, Joe Biden expressed support for a proposed bipartisan immigration deal led by Senators Kyrsten Sinema and James Lankford.

Joe Biden had previously supported the US Citizenship Act of 2021, which he proposed on his first day in office.

Joe Biden issued more individual pardons and commutations than any other president.

On December 12,2024, in the largest single-day clemency act in history, Joe Biden granted clemency to about 1,500 nonviolent felons in home confinement who had previously been released from prison.

The Joe Biden administration said the offenders who received clemency "deserve a second chance" and were selected based on meeting certain criteria in a uniform decision.

On December 23,2024, Joe Biden commuted the sentences of 37 out of 40 federal death row inmates.

On his last day in office, Joe Biden commuted the sentence of Leonard Peltier, convicted of murdering two FBI agents, to house arrest.

Joe Biden issued more pardons for members of his family than any other president.

On December 1,2024, he issued a "full and unconditional" pardon to Hunter Joe Biden that covered all federal offenses between 2014 and December 1,2024.

Hunter had been convicted on charges related to tax and gun offenses, after which Joe Biden made numerous promises not to pardon him.

On his last day in office, Joe Biden issued pardons for more of his family members and other high-profile figures.

Joe Biden justified the pardons by citing his concern about "baseless and politically motivated investigations" during Trump's second term.

Joe Biden added that the pardons were preemptive and should not be seen as implying their recipients' guilt.

The pardons Joe Biden granted to his family and other political figures had a sweeping scope similar to the one he granted Hunter, covering federal offenses the recipients committed or may have committed between 2014 and the day of the pardon.

On September 2,2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Joe Biden called for a "battle for the soul of the nation".

In June 2021, Joe Biden took his first trip abroad as president, visiting Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom.

Joe Biden attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.

In September 2021, Joe Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure "peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific".

In February 2021, the Joe Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen and revoked the designation of Yemen's Houthis as terrorists.

In early February 2022, Joe Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the second leader of the Islamic State.

Joe Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist with evacuating American personnel and Afghan allies.

Joe Biden faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal, with the evacuations described as chaotic and botched.

Joe Biden defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be "dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves".

Joe Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans, and other allies "an extraordinary success".

Joe Biden blamed Putin for the emerging energy and food crises.

The Government Accountability Office and Pentagon Inspector General found that the Joe Biden administration seemed unaware of the pace of weapons deliveries.

Joe Biden blocked access for some weapons systems altogether, typically citing fears of escalation, only to permit deliveries for some weapons later on.

Joe Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal.

Amid increasing tension with China, Joe Biden's administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that US policy toward Taiwan has not changed.

In late 2022, Joe Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain US leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.

On February 4,2023, Joe Biden ordered the United States Air Force to shoot down a suspected Chinese surveillance balloon off the coast of South Carolina.

In May 2024, the Joe Biden administration doubled tariffs on solar cells imported from China and more than tripled tariffs on lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries imported from China.

Joe Biden had signed the No TikTok on Government Devices Act in December 2022, prohibiting the use of TikTok on devices owned by the federal government.

Joe Biden stated his unequivocal support for Israel and condemned the attack by Hamas.

Joe Biden deployed aircraft carriers in the region to deter others from joining the war, and called for an additional $14 billion in military aid to Israel.

Joe Biden later began pressuring Israel to address the growing humanitarian crisis in the Gaza Strip.

Joe Biden rejected calls for a ceasefire but said he supported "humanitarian pauses" to deliver aid to the Gaza Strip.

Joe Biden asked Israel to pause its invasion of Gaza for at least three days to allow for hostage negotiations; Israel agreed to daily four-hour pauses.

Joe Biden directed the US military to facilitate the delivery of humanitarian aid to Palestinians in Gaza.

Joe Biden has faced criticism for his unwavering support for Israel.

On May 31,2024, Joe Biden announced his support for an Israeli ceasefire proposal, saying that Hamas was "no longer capable" of another large-scale attack.

Joe Biden hailed the deal, saying "it is long past time for the fighting to end and the work of building peace and security to begin" in a press release the same day.

Joe Biden led diplomatic talks resulting in formal Swedish ascension into NATO on March 7,2024.

Joe Biden has expressed openness to Ukrainian entry into NATO following the end of the conflict, supporting an expedited timetable in its ascension and the removal of steps such as the Membership Action Plan typically required for NATO entry.

In November 2022, Joe Biden's attorneys found classified documents dating from his vice presidency in a "locked closet" at the Penn Joe Biden Center.

In February 2024, Alexander Smirnov, a former intelligence informant who was prominent in the bribery allegations against Joe Biden, was charged with making false statements.

On July 21,2022, Joe Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.

Joe Biden worked in isolation in the White House for five days and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30,2022.

On July 17,2024, Joe Biden again tested positive for COVID-19.

Joe Biden frequently stated his intention to "finish the job" as a political rallying cry.

Joe Biden lost the American Samoa contest to venture capitalist Jason Palmer, becoming the first incumbent president to lose a contest while appearing on the ballot since Jimmy Carter in 1980.

Joe Biden's performance was widely criticized, with commentators saying he frequently lost his train of thought and gave meandering answers.

The pollsters noted that Joe Biden's ranking was unusually high for a presidency without military victories or institutional expansion, and with personal scandals such as Hunter Joe Biden's.

Journalist Amy Walter, editor of the nonpartisan The Cook Political Report, argued that Joe Biden's presidency was deemed a failure by the public particularly due to frustration over inflation.

The extent to which Joe Biden's policies were responsible for inflation is debated by economists, but according to Gallup, public perception of the economy in 2024 was worse only in 2008 and 1992, helping Trump win the 2024 presidential election.

Joe Biden's term ended on January 20,2025, upon Trump's second inauguration.

Joe Biden later signed with talent agency Creative Artists Agency, which previously represented him from 2017 to 2020, to represent him in public engagements.

In 2021, Joe Biden revoked Trump's security clearance for his role in inciting the January 6 Capitol attack.

Joe Biden says his positions are deeply influenced by Catholic social teaching.

Joe Biden has cited the Catholic philosopher Jacques Maritain, credited with starting the Christian democratic movement, as immensely influential in his thinking.

In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Joe Biden's "most valuable political skill" was "an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic Party".

Joe Biden proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.

Joe Biden voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.

Joe Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act.

Joe Biden did not support national same-sex marriage rights while in the Senate and voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, but opposed proposals for constitutional amendments that would have banned same-sex marriage nationwide.

In 2020, Joe Biden ran on decriminalizing cannabis, after advocating harsher penalties for drug use as a senator.

Joe Biden opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.

Joe Biden wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the US by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.

Joe Biden's program included reentering the Paris Agreement, green building and more.

Joe Biden called global temperature rise above the 1.5 degree limit the "only existential threat humanity faces even more frightening than a nuclear war".

Joe Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.

Joe Biden has said he is against regime change but is for providing non-military support to opposition movements.

Joe Biden pledged to end US support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States' relationship with Saudi Arabia.

Joe Biden supported extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.

In 2021, Joe Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first US president to do so.

Joe Biden supported abortion rights throughout his presidency, though he personally opposes abortion because of his Catholic faith.

Joe Biden vowed to sign a bill codifying the protections of Roe into federal law; such a bill passed the House in 2022, but was unable to clear the Senate filibuster.

Joe Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate, which he attributed to having been elected young.

Particularly since the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Joe Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.

Joe Biden often deviates from prepared remarks, and sometimes "puts his foot in his mouth".

Gallup's averaged polls of Joe Biden's presidency found that he was the second-least popular president in its polling history, ahead of Trump.

Joe Biden's life has been marked by tragedy, including the death of his first wife and daughter in a car accident after his election to the Senate in 1972 and the death of his son Beau Joe Biden from brain cancer in 2015.

Johnson and Joe Biden were both initially popular but saw their approval ratings decline throughout their presidencies.

Johnson and Biden previously served as vice president, under John F Kennedy and Barack Obama, respectively.