31 Facts About Morphine

Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies.

Morphine was first isolated between 1803 and 1805 by German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner.

Morphine is used primarily to treat both acute and chronic severe pain.

Morphine has traditionally been used in the treatment of acute pulmonary edema.

Morphine is beneficial in reducing the symptom of shortness of breath due to both cancer and noncancer causes.

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Morphine is available as a slow-release formulation for opiate substitution therapy in Austria, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, and Canada for persons with opioid addiction who cannot tolerate either methadone or buprenorphine.

Morphine can interfere with menstruation in women by suppressing levels of luteinizing hormone.

Morphine withdrawal is considered less dangerous than alcohol, barbiturate, or benzodiazepine withdrawal.

Morphine is the prototypical opioid and is the standard against which other opioids are tested.

Morphine is a ?-opioid receptor and d-opioid receptor (DOR) agonist.

Morphine has long been known to act on receptors expressed on cells of the central nervous system resulting in pain relief and analgesia.

Morphine can be taken orally, sublingually, bucally, rectally, subcutaneously, intranasally, intravenously, intrathecally or epidurally and inhaled via a nebulizer.

Morphine can be stored in fat, and, thus, can be detectable even after death.

Morphine can be isolated from whole blood samples by solid phase extraction and detected using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

Morphine is the most abundant opiate found in opium, the dried latex extracted by shallowly scoring the unripe seedpods of the Papaver somniferum poppy.

Morphine is produced most predominantly early in the life cycle of the plant.

Morphine is an endogenous opioid in humans that can be synthesized by and released from various human cells, including white blood cells.

Morphine is biosynthesized in the opium poppy from the tetrahydroisoquinoline reticuline.

Morphine is a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with two additional ring closures.

Morphine and most of its derivatives do not exhibit optical isomerism, although some more distant relatives like the morphinan series do, and as noted above stereoselectivity in vivo is an important issue.

Morphine diacetate is not a salt, but rather a further derivative, see above.

Morphine meconate is a major form of the alkaloid in the poppy, as is morphine pectinate, nitrate, sulfate, and some others.

Morphine is a precursor in the manufacture in a number of opioids such as dihydromorphine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, and oxycodone as well as codeine, which itself has a large family of semi-synthetic derivatives.

Morphine was discovered as the first active alkaloid extracted from the opium poppy plant in December 1804 in Paderborn by German pharmacist Friedrich Serturner.

Morphine hypothesized that, because lower doses of the drug were needed, it would be less addictive.

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Morphine became a controlled substance in the US under the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914, and possession without a prescription in the US is a criminal offense.

Morphine was the most commonly abused narcotic analgesic in the world until heroin was synthesized and came into use.

Morphine addiction is the model upon which the current perception of addiction is based.

Morphine is available in a paste that is used in the production of heroin, which can be smoked by itself or turned to a soluble salt and injected; the same goes for the penultimate products of the Kompot and black tar processes.

Morphine is marketed under many different brand names in various parts of the world.

Morphine can be smoked, especially diacetylmorphine, the most common method being the "Chasing The Dragon" method.