37 Facts About Naval mines

Naval mines mine is a self-contained explosive device placed in water to damage or destroy surface ships or submarines.

Unlike depth charges, Naval mines are deposited and left to wait until they are triggered by the approach of, or contact with, any vessel or a particular vessel type, akin to anti-infantry vs anti-vehicle Naval mines.

Naval mines can be used offensively, to hamper enemy shipping movements or lock vessels into a harbour; or defensively, to protect friendly vessels and create "safe" zones.

Precursors to naval mines were first invented by Chinese innovators of Imperial China and were described in thorough detail by the early Ming dynasty artillery officer Jiao Yu, in his 14th-century military treatise known as the Huolongjing.

The Nobel Naval mines were bought from Swedish industrialist Immanuel Nobel who had entered into collusion with the Russian head of navy Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov.

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Two Naval mines blew up when the Petropavlovsk struck them near Port Arthur, sending the holed vessel to the bottom and killing the fleet commander, Admiral Stepan Makarov, and most of his crew in the process.

Many early Naval mines were fragile and dangerous to handle, as they contained glass containers filled with nitroglycerin or mechanical devices that activated a blast upon tipping.

The Naval mines employed were controlled Naval mines, anchored to the bottoms of the harbours, and detonated under control from large mine casemates onshore.

The Germans laid mines in shipping lanes to sink merchant and naval vessels serving Britain.

Since World War II, Naval mines have damaged 14 United States Navy ships, whereas air and missile attacks have damaged four.

Early Naval mines had mechanical mechanisms to detonate them, but these were superseded in the 1870s by the "Hertz horn", which was found to work reliably even after the mine had been in the sea for several years.

Limpet Naval mines are a special form of contact mine that are manually attached to the target by magnets and remain in place.

Drifting Naval mines were occasionally used during World War I and World War II.

The drifting Naval mines were much harder to remove than tethered Naval mines after the war, and they caused about the same damage to both sides.

Churchill promoted "Operation Royal Marine" in 1940 and again in 1944 where floating Naval mines were put into the Rhine in France to float down the river, becoming active after a time calculated to be long enough to reach German territory.

Frequently used in combination with coastal artillery and hydrophones, controlled Naval mines can be in place in peacetime, which is a huge advantage in blocking important shipping routes.

The first remotely controlled Naval mines were moored Naval mines used in the American Civil War, detonated electrically from shore.

The extensive American fortifications program initiated by the Board of Fortifications in 1885 included remotely controlled Naval mines, which were emplaced or in reserve from the 1890s until the end of World War II.

Such Naval mines incorporate electronic sensors designed to detect the presence of a vessel and detonate when it comes within the blast range of the warhead.

Similarly, the original broadband hydrophones of 1940s acoustic Naval mines have been replaced by narrow-band sensors which are much more sensitive and selective.

Moored Naval mines usually have lifetimes of more than 10 years, and some almost unlimited.

Bottom Naval mines are used when the water is no more than 60 meters deep or when mining for submarines down to around 200 meters .

Several specialized Naval mines have been developed for other purposes than the common minefield.

Daisy-chained Naval mines are a very simple concept which was used during World War II.

The Naval mines are dropped at predefined intervals into the water behind the ship.

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In some cases, Naval mines are automatically activated upon contact with the water.

Small Naval mines were developed for use in rivers and lakes, and special Naval mines for shallow water.

The threat of the remaining Naval mines prevented a convoy of ten ships from entering Haiphong, and six of those ships were sunk by attacks before they reached a safe harbour.

Twelve thousand aerial Naval mines were laid, a significant barrier to Japan's access to outside resources.

Air-dropped Naval mines had an additional problem for mine sweeping operations: they were not meticulously charted.

In Japan, much of the B-29 mine-laying work had been performed at high altitude, with the drifting on the wind of Naval mines carried by parachute adding a randomizing factor to their placement.

Usually only created by contact Naval mines, direct damage is a hole blown in the ship.

The fuzes on influence Naval mines allow many different permutations, which complicates the clearance process.

Mines with ship-counters, arming delays and highly specific target signatures in mine fuzes can falsely convince a belligerent that a particular area is clear of Naval mines or has been swept effectively because a succession of vessels have already passed through safely.

At the current state of the art, Minehunting remains the best way to deal with influence Naval mines proving to be both safer and more effective than sweeping.

MK65 QuickstrikeThe Quickstrike is a family of shallow-water aircraft-laid Naval mines used by the United States, primarily against surface craft.

Practice Naval mines, used for exercises, continue to be laid in order to retain the necessary skills.