31 Facts About Nicotine

Nicotine is a naturally produced alkaloid in the nightshade family of plants and is widely used recreationally as a stimulant and anxiolytic.

Nicotine is present at ppb-concentrations in edible plants in the family Solanaceae, including potatoes, tomatoes, and eggplants, though sources disagree on whether this has any biological significance to human consumers.

Nicotine addiction involves drug-reinforced behavior, compulsive use, and relapse following abstinence.

Nicotine dependence involves tolerance, sensitization, physical dependence, psychological dependence, and can cause distress.

Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in some animal species, but not others.

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Nicotine is being researched in clinical trials for possible benefit in treating Parkinson's disease, dementia, ADHD, depression and sarcoma.

Nicotine has been used as an insecticide since at least the 1690s, in the form of tobacco extracts.

Nicotine pesticides have not been commercially available in the US since 2014, and homemade pesticides are banned on organic crops and not recommended for small gardeners.

Nicotine-containing products are sometimes used for the performance-enhancing effects of nicotine on cognition.

Nicotine is often used compulsively, and dependence can develop within days.

Nicotine gum is contraindicated in individuals with temporomandibular joint disease.

Nicotine reduces the amount of rapid eye movement sleep, slow-wave sleep (SWS), and total sleep time in healthy nonsmokers given nicotine via a transdermal patch, and the reduction is dose-dependent.

Nicotine dependence is associated with poor sleep quality and shorter sleep duration among smokers.

Nicotine promotes lung cancer development and accelerates its proliferation, angiogenesis, migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition, via its influence on nAChRs receptors, whose presence has been confirmed in lung cancer cells.

Nicotine has been shown to produce birth defects in some animal species, but not others; consequently, it is considered to be a possible teratogen in humans.

Nicotine has a higher affinity for nicotinic receptors in the brain than those in skeletal muscle, though at toxic doses it can induce contractions and respiratory paralysis.

Nicotine's selectivity is thought to be due to a particular amino acid difference on these receptor subtypes.

Nicotine is unusual in comparison to most drugs, as its profile changes from stimulant to sedative with increasing dosages, a phenomenon known as "Nesbitt's paradox" after the doctor who first described it in 1969.

Nicotine is primarily excreted in urine and urinary concentrations vary depending upon urine flow rate and urine pH.

Nicotine is metabolized in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes and FMO3, which selectively metabolizes (S)-nicotine.

Nicotine is a hygroscopic, colorless to yellow-brown, oily liquid, that is readily soluble in alcohol, ether or light petroleum.

Nicotine is chiral and hence optically active, having two enantiomeric forms.

Nicotine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or urine to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or to facilitate a medicolegal death investigation.

Nicotine is a secondary metabolite produced in a variety of plants in the family Solanaceae, most notably in tobacco Nicotiana tabacum, where it can be found at high concentrations of 0.

Nicotine is found in the leaves of other tobacco species, such as Nicotiana rustica.

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Nicotine production is strongly induced in response to wounding as part of a jasmonate-dependent reaction.

Nicotine occurs in smaller amounts in other Solanaceaeous plants, including some crop species such as potatoes, tomatoes, eggplant, and peppers, as well as non-crop species such as Duboisia hopwoodii.

Nicotine was originally isolated from the tobacco plant in 1828 by chemists Wilhelm Heinrich Posselt and Karl Ludwig Reimann from Germany, who believed it was a poison.

Nicotine is named after the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum, which in turn is named after the French ambassador in Portugal, Jean Nicot de Villemain, who sent tobacco and seeds to Paris in 1560, presented to the French King, and who promoted their medicinal use.

Nicotine content of popular American-brand cigarettes has increased over time, and one study found that there was an average increase of 1.

Nicotine was often compared to caffeine in advertisements in the 1980s by the tobacco industry, and later in the 2010s by the electronic cigarettes industry, in an effort to reduce the stigmatization and the public perception of the risks associated with nicotine use.