Bashkirs are a Kipchak Turkic ethnic group, indigenous to Russia.
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Bashkirs are mainly Sunni Muslims of the Hanafi madhhab, or school of jurisprudence, and follow the Jadid doctrine.
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Previously nomadic and fiercely independent, the Bashkirs gradually came under Russian rule beginning in the 16th century; they have since played a major role through the history of Russia, culminating in their autonomous status within the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and post-Soviet Russia.
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Around 40 Turkic Tiele tribes were named in the section "A Narration about the Tiele people"; Bashkirs might have been included within that narration, if the tribal name ?? were read as ??, according to Chinese scholar Rui Chuanming.
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Ibn Rustah, a contemporary of Abu Zayd al-Balkhi, observed that Bashkirs were an independent people occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountains ridge between Volga, Kama, and Tobol Rivers and upstream of the Yaik river.
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Apparently, Islam had already begun to spread among the Bashkirs, as one of the ambassadors was a Muslim Bashkir.
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The Bashkirs rose again in 1707, under Aldar and Kusyom, due to perceived ill-treatment by Imperial Russian officials.
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In 1786, the Bashkirs achieved tax-free status; and in 1798 Russia formed an irregular Bashkir army from among them.
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Bashkirs appear close to Mongoloids in allele and haplotype distribution.
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However, Bashkirs cannot be labelled either as typical Mongoloids or as Caucasoids.
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Bashkirs showed no features of populations with a substantial Finno-Ugric component, for example, Chuvashes or Russian Saami.
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Bashkirs are characterized by East-Asian admixture, which dates from the 13th century, according to an analysis of the identical-by-descent segments.
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Example, the dialects spoken by Bashkirs, tend to have an accent which mostly resembles other Kipchak languages, like Kyrgyz, Kazakh, Nogai, Karakalpak, and many other languages of the Kipchak sub-group, while the dialects spoken by Idel Tatars, have accents more resembling the original Oghuric Volga-Bulgar language spoken before the Cuman invasion.
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The half-nomadic Bashkirs travelled through either the mountains or the steppes, herding cattle.
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Bashkirs have a rich folklore referencing the genesis and early history of the people.
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Bashkirs have a style of overtone singing called ozlau, which has nearly died out.
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The final assertion of Islam among the Bashkirs occurred in the 1320s and 1330s during the Golden Horde period.
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