13 Facts About Caddo

Caddo people comprise the Caddo Nation of Oklahoma, a federally recognized tribe headquartered in Binger, Oklahoma.

Caddo Confederacy was a network of Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands, who historically inhabited much of what is East Texas, west Louisiana, southwestern Arkansas, and southeastern Oklahoma.

Caddo was the fourth elected female leader of the Caddo Nation.

Caddo are thought to be an extension of Woodland period peoples, the Fourche Maline and Mossy Grove cultures, whose members were living in the area of Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas areas between 200 BCE and 800 CE.

The Caddo were farmers and enjoyed good growing conditions most of the time.

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An old Caddo man carried a drum, a pipe, and fire, all of which have continued to be important religious items to the people.

Caddo peoples moved west along the Red River, which they called Bah'hatteno in Caddo.

Centuries before extensive European contact, some of the Caddo territory was invaded by migrating Dhegihan-speaking peoples: the Osage, Ponca, Omaha, and Kaw.

Osage particularly fought the Caddo, pushed them out of some former territory, and became dominant in the region of present-day Missouri, Arkansas, and eastern Kansas.

Caddo people had a diet based on cultivated crops, particularly maize, but sunflower, pumpkins, and squash.

Caddo first encountered Europeans and Africans in 1541 when the Spanish Hernando de Soto Expedition came through their lands.

In 1835 the Kadohadacho, the northernmost Caddo confederacy, signed a treaty with the US to relocate to independent Mexico.

The Caddo Nation remains very active in the Native American Church today.