In Israel itself, Arab citizens are commonly referred to as Israeli-Arabs or simply as Arabs; international media often uses the term Arab-Israeli to distinguish Arab citizens of Israel from the Palestinian Arabs residing in the Palestinian territories.
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How to refer to the Israeli Arab citizenry of Israel is a highly politicized issue, and there are a number of self-identification labels used by members of this community.
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In 1966, martial law was lifted completely, and the government set about dismantling most of the discriminatory laws, while Israeli Arab citizens were granted the same rights as Jewish citizens under law.
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Many Israeli Arab citizens supported the First Intifada and assisted Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza, providing them with money, food, and clothes.
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Many Israeli Jews viewed the Arab opposition to government policy and sympathy with the Lebanese as a sign of disloyalty.
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The Israeli Arab government built seven development towns for the Bedouin between 1979 and 1982.
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In terms of their socio-economic situation, Israeli Arab Christians are more similar to the Jewish population than to the Muslim Israeli Arab population.
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Also Israeli Arab Christians have a high presentation in science and in the white collar professions.
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In Israel Israeli Arab Christians are portrayed as a hard working and upper middle class educated ethno-religious minority.
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In 2003, the Israeli daily Ma'ariv published an article entitled "Special Report: Polygamy is a Security Threat", detailing a report put forth by the Director of the Population Administration at the time, Herzl Gedj; the report described polygamy in the Bedouin sector a "security threat" and advocated means of reducing the birth rate in the Arab sector.
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Two Israeli Arab parties ran in Israel's first election in 1949, with one, the Democratic List of Nazareth, winning two seats.
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Israeli Arab parties are credited with keeping Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin in power, and they have suggested they would do the same for a government led by Labor leader Isaac Herzog and peace negotiator Tzipi Livni.
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In 2010, six Israeli Arab MKs visited Libya, an openly anti-Zionist Israeli Arab state, and met with Muammar al-Gaddafi and various senior government officials.
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The first female Israeli Arab MP was Hussniya Jabara, a Muslim Israeli Arab from central Israel, who was elected in 1999.
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Meanwhile, Israeli Arab lawmakers called the appointment an attempt to "whitewash Israel's discriminatory policies against its Israeli Arab minority".
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Foreign Service:Ali Yahya, an Israeli Arab Muslim, became the first Israeli Arab ambassador for Israel in 1995 when he was appointed ambassador to Finland.
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Israeli Arab served until 1999, and in 2006 was appointed ambassador to Greece.
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Israeli Arab has previously served as district commander of two districts.
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High Follow-Up Committee for Israeli Arab Citizens of Israel is an extra-parliamentary umbrella organization that represents Israeli Arab citizens of Israel at the national level.
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Israeli Arab has been charged with espionage and money laundering, stemming from allegations that he gave Hizbullah information on strategic targets that should be attacked with rockets during the 2006 Lebanon War, in exchange for large amounts of money.
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Since Israel's establishment, Israeli Arab citizens have been exempted from compulsory service in the Israel Defense Forces .
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Many Israeli Arab citizens feel that the state, as well as society at large, not only actively limits them to second-class citizenship, but treats them as enemies, affecting their perception of the de jure versus de facto quality of their citizenship.
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Some Arab politicians have requested a reevaluation of the Israeli flag and national anthem, arguing that the Star of David at the flag's center is an exclusively Jewish symbol, and Hatikvah does not represent Arab citizens, since it speaks of the Jewish people's desire to return to their homeland.
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The 1950 Absentees Property Law said that any property within post-war Israel which was owned by an Israeli Arab who had left the country between 29 November 1947 and 19 May 1948, or by a Palestinian who had merely been abroad or in area of Palestine held by hostile forces up to 1 September 1948, lost all rights to that property.
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In 2011, Nazareth had over 20 Israeli Arab-owned high-tech companies, mostly in the field of software development.
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Inequality in the allocation of public funding for Jewish and Israeli Arab needs, and widespread employment discrimination, present significant economic hurdles for Israeli Arab citizens of Israel.
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From 1967 on, economic development of the population was encouraged and an Israeli Arab bourgeoisie began to develop on the margin of the Jewish bourgeoisie.
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Israeli Arab women have a higher unemployment rate in the work force relative to both religious and secular Jewish women.
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Telhami, a Christian Israeli Arab, was a senior executive at the Delta Galil Industries textile plant before establishing Babcom.
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Across all groups, Israeli Arab Christians tend to be the most educated, and most of them are middle and upper middle class, and they have the lowest incidence of poverty and the lowest percentage of unemployment; a study published by the Taub Center for Social Policy Studies in 2017 found that "Christian population has the highest achievements in the Israeli Arab sector on all indices: bagrut scores, rates of college graduates, and fields of employment".
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Israeli Arab educators have long voiced concerns over institutionalized budgetary discrimination.
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Ministry data on the percentage of high school students who passed their matriculation exams showed that Israeli Arab towns were ranked lowest except for Fureidis, which had the third highest pass rate in Israel.
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Rather than perform army service, Israeli Arab youths have the option to volunteer to national service and receive benefits similar to those received by discharged soldiers.
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Support for segregation between Jewish and Israeli Arab citizens was higher among Jews of Middle Eastern origin.
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In 2007, the Association for Civil Rights in Israel reported a "dramatic increase" in racism against Israeli Arab citizens, including a 26 percent rise in anti-Israeli Arab incidents.
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ACRI president Sami Michael said that "Israeli Arab society is reaching new heights of racism that damages freedom of expression and privacy".
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Pew Research poll released in March 2016 showed that close to half of all Israeli Jews are in favor of "transferring or expelling" Israel's Arab population.
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Two Israeli Arab citizens were killed in the Ma'alot massacre carried out by the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine on 15 May 1974.
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Haifa is center of many Israeli Arab-owned businesses such as theaters, bars, cafes, restaurants and nightclubs which host a different cultural discussions and art exhibitions.
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Jewish customers often said that they would go to "hazkenim" for falafel, while Israeli Arab customers identified the place with the female co-owner.
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Avoda Aravit, or in English, Israeli Arab Labor, is a satirical sitcom written by Kashua and aired on Israel's Channel 2.
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